Glycine transporter-1 inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides compounds that are glycine transporter 1 (hereinafter referred to as GlyT-1) inhibitors and are therefore useful for the treatment of diseases treatable by inhibition of GlyT-1 such as cognitive disorders associated with Schizophrenia, ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), MCI (mild cognitive impairment), and the like. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and processes for preparing such compounds.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/464,697, filed on May 12, 2009, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 11/823,027, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,538,114,filed on Jun. 26, 2007, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) toU.S. provisional applications No. 60/816,936 filed on Jun. 28, 2006 and60/850,027, filed on Oct. 6, 2006, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compounds that are glycine transporter 1(hereinafter referred to as GlyT-1) inhibitors and are therefore usefulfor the treatment of diseases treatable by inhibition of GlyT1 such ascognitive disorders associated with Schizophrenia, ADHD (attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder), MCI (mild cognitive impairment), andthe like. Also provided are pharmaceutical compositions containing suchcompounds and processes for preparing such compounds.

BACKGROUND

Glycine is a principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS,but also serves as endogenous obligatory co-agonist with glutamate foractivating N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The synaptic actionsof glycine end through the activity of high affinity transportes locatedin neuronal and glial membranes. The glycine transporter type 1 (GlyT1)is involved in glycine re-uptake processes at the level of excitatorysynapses. Blockade of GlyT1 increases glycine concentration atexcitatory synapses, thus potentiating NMDA neurotransmission. Sinceschizophrenia has been associated with hypofunction of NMDA receptors insuch brain regions as prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, an inhibitor ofGlyT1 would restore normal NMDA transmission and thereby reduceschizophrenia symptoms. In addition to schizophrenia, GlyT1 inhibitorscan be used in other conditions characterized by impaired NMDAtransmission, such as broad cognitive deficits (including MCI) andAlzheimer's disease.

Existing therapeutics for schizophrenia are efficacious only at treatingpositive symptoms of the disease. Negative symptoms, including flattenedaffect, social withdrawal as well as cognitive deficits are notameliorated by current medications, which primarily target themesolimbic dopamine system. Therefore, novel treatments forschizophrenia are needed to specifically improve negative symptoms andcognitive deficits associated with the disease. The present inventionfulfills this need and related needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, this invention is directed to a compound of Formula (I):

wherein:

n is an integer from 1 to 3;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclylwherein the aforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a),R^(b), or R^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, ordisubstituted amino; or R¹ and R² when attached to same carbon cantogether from an oxo group; or

R¹ and R², when attached to the same carbon atom, can combine to formcycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl to give a spiro ringwherein the cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e), or R^(f) independentlyselected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy,monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions ofthe piperazine ring, can combine to form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chain whereinone of the carbon atoms in the alkylene chain is optionally replaced bya —NR—, —O—, —S(O)n1- (where R is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) andfurther wherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl;

R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoro, or fluoroalkyl;and Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, —C≡C—R⁶(where R⁶ is aryl or heteroaryl), halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) and R^(i) areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl,or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring in R^(g), R^(h) andR^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) or R^(l) which areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino; or

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof provided that: the compoundof Formula (I) is not 2-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid,2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) has the structure shownbelow:

wherein:

R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclylwherein the aforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a),R^(b), or R^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, ordisubstituted amino; or R¹ and R² when attached to same carbon cantogether from an oxo group; or

R¹ and R², when attached to the same carbon atom, can combine to formcycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl to give a spiro ringwherein the cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e), or R^(f) independentlyselected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy,monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino; or R¹ and R², whenattached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions of the piperazinering, can combine to form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chain wherein one of thecarbon atoms in the alkylene chain is optionally replaced by a —NR—,—O—, —S(O)n1- (where R is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) and furtherwherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl;

R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoro, or fluoroalkyl;and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino; or

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof provided that:

the compound of Formula (I) is not 2-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid or 2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid.

In some embodiments, in the compound of Formula (I), R¹ and R² areindependently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy,haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein theaforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a), R^(b), orR^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy,haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, or disubstitutedamino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to the same carbon atom, can combine to formcycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl to give a spiro ringwherein the cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e), or R^(f) independentlyselected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy,monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions ofthe piperazine ring, can combine to form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chain whereinone of the carbon atoms in the alkylene chain is optionally replaced bya —NR—, —O—, —S(O)n1- (where R is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) andfurther wherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl;

R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoro, or fluoroalkyl;and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, —C≡C—R⁶(where R⁶ is aryl or heteroaryl), halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) and R^(i) areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl,or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring in R^(g), R^(h) andR^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) or R^(l) which areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino

In some embodiments, in the compound of Formula (I), R¹ and R² areindependently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy,haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein theaforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a), R^(b), orR^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy,haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, or disubstitutedamino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to the same carbon atom, can combine to formcycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl to give a spiro ringwherein the cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e), or R^(f) independentlyselected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy,monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions ofthe piperazine ring, can combine to form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chain whereinone of the carbon atoms in the alkylene chain is optionally replaced bya —NR—, —O—, —S(O)n1- (where R is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) andfurther wherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl;

R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoro, or fluoroalkyl;and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino; provided thatwhen (i) R¹ and R² are methyl, R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, and Ar¹ is3-hydroxyphenyl, then Ar² is not 4-cyanophenyl or4-1H-tetrazol-5-ylphenyl and (ii) R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen andAr¹ is phenyl then Ar² is not phenyl or 4-chlorophenyl.

In a second aspect, this invention is directed to a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of Formula (I), a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof or a mixture a compound of Formula (I) and apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipient. In one embodiment, n is 1.

In a third aspect, this invention is directed to a method of treating adisease treatable by inhibition of GlyT1 receptor in a patient whichmethod comprises administering to the patient a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a compound of Formula (I):

wherein:

n is an integer from one to three;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclylwherein the aforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a),R^(b), or R^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, ordisubstituted amino; or R¹ and R² when attached to same carbon cantogether from an oxo group; or

R¹ and R², when attached to the same carbon atom, can combine to formcycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl to give a spiro ringwherein the cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e), or R^(f) independentlyselected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy,monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions ofthe piperazine ring, can combine to form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chain whereinone of the carbon atoms in the alkylene chain is optionally replaced bya —NR—, —O—, —S(O)n1- (where R is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) andfurther wherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl;

R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoro, or fluoroalkyl;and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, —C≡C—R⁶(where R⁶ is aryl or heteroaryl), halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) and R^(i) areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl,or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring in R^(g), R^(h) andR^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) or R^(l) which areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino; or

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture a compound ofFormula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and apharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

In some embodiments, in the method above, the compound of Formula (I) iswhere R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl,haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl wherein the aforementioned rings are optionally substitutedwith R^(a), R^(b), or R^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, ordisubstituted amino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to the same carbon atom, can combine to formcycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl to give a spiro ringwherein the cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e), or R^(f) independentlyselected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy,monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions ofthe piperazine ring, can combine to form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chain whereinone of the carbon atoms in the alkylene chain is optionally replaced bya —NR—, —O—, —S(O)n1- (where R is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) andfurther wherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl;

R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoro, or fluoroalkyl;and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino.

In some embodiments, in the method above, the compound of Formula (I) iswhere n is 1. In one embodiment the disease is ADHD (attention deficithyperactivity disorder), MCI (mild cognitive impairment), or cognitivedisorders associated with Schizophrenia.

In a fourth aspect, this invention is directed to a method of making acompound Formula (I):

wherein:

n is an integer from 1 to 3;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclylwherein the aforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a),R^(b), or R^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, ordisubstituted amino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to the same carbon atom, can combine to formcycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl to give a spiro ringwherein the cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e), or R^(f) independentlyselected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy,monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions ofthe piperazine ring, can combine to form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chain whereinone of the carbon atoms in the alkylene chain is optionally replaced bya —NR—, —O—, —S(O)n1- (where R is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) andfurther wherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl;

R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoro, or fluoroalkyl;and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, —C≡C—R⁶(where R⁶ is aryl or heteroaryl), halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) and R^(i) areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl,or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring in R^(g), R^(h) andR^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) or R^(l) which areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino;

comprising:

(a) hydrolyzing the ester group in a compound of formula:

where R is alkyl and R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, Ar¹ and Ar² groups are asdefined above; under acidic or basic hydrolysis reaction conditions;

(b) optionally modifying any of the R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, Ar¹ and Ar²groups to provide a compound of Formula (I);

(c) optionally forming an acid addition salt of the compound of Formula(I) obtained from Step (a) and/or (b) above;

(d) optionally separating stereoisomers of the compound of Formula (I)obtained from Step (a), (b), and/or (c) above;

provided that when (i) R¹ and R² are methyl, R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen,and Ar¹ is 3-hydroxyphenyl, then Ar² is not 4-cyanophenyl or4-1H-tetrazol-5-ylphenyl and (ii) R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen andAr¹ is phenyl then Ar² is not phenyl or 4-chlorophenyl;

In some embodiments in the process above, the compound of Formula (I) iswhere:

R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen or alkyl;

R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are hydrogen; and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently phenyl, each ring optionally substitutedwith R^(g) or R^(h) where R^(g) and R^(h) are independently alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, oralkoxycarbonyl.

In some embodiments in the process above, the compound of Formula (I) iswhere:

R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen or alkyl;

R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are hydrogen; and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently phenyl, each ring optionally substitutedwith R^(g) or R^(h) where R^(g) and R^(h) are independently alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, oralkoxycarbonyl and the stereochemistry at the carbon carrying the R³,Ar¹ and Ar² group is (R).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in the specificationand claims are defined for the purposes of this Application and have thefollowing meaning:

“Alkyl” means a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of oneto six carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbonradical of three to six carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl,2-propyl, butyl (including all isomeric forms), pentyl (including allisomeric forms), and the like.

“Alicyclic” means a non-aromatic ring e.g., cycloalkyl or heterocyclylring.

“Alkylene” means a linear saturated divalent hydrocarbon radical of oneto six carbon atoms or a branched saturated divalent hydrocarbon radicalof three to six carbon atoms unless otherwise stated e.g., methylene,ethylene, propylene, 1-methylpropylene, 2-methylpropylene, butylene,pentylene, and the like.

“Alkylthio” means a —SR radical where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g.,methylthio, ethylthio, and the like.

“Alkylsulfonyl” means a —SO₂R radical where R is alkyl as defined above,e.g., methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, and the like.

“Amino” means a —NH₂.

“Alkylamino” means a —NHR radical where R is alkyl as defined above,e.g., methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, or 2-propylamino, and thelike.

“Alkoxy” means a —OR radical where R is alkyl as defined above, e.g.,methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, or 2-propoxy, n-, iso-, or tert-butoxy, andthe like.

“Alkoxycarbonyl” means a —C(O)OR radical where R is alkyl as definedabove, e.g., methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, and the like.

“Alkoxyalkyl” means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one tosix carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of threeto six carbons substituted with at least one alkoxy group, preferablyone or two alkoxy groups, as defined above, e.g., 2-methoxyethyl, 1-,2-, or 3-methoxypropyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, and the like.

“Alkoxyalkyloxy” or “alkoxyalkoxy” means a —OR radical where R isalkoxyalkyl as defined above, e.g., methoxyethoxy, 2-ethoxyethoxy, andthe like.

“Aminoalkyl” means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to sixcarbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of three tosix carbons substituted with at least one, preferably one or two, —NRR′where R is hydrogen, alkyl, or —COR^(a) where R^(a) is alkyl, each asdefined above, and R′ is selected from hydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, or haloalkyl,each as defined herein, e.g., aminomethyl, methylaminoethyl,2-ethylamino-2-methylethyl, 1,3-diaminopropyl, dimethylaminomethyl,diethylaminoethyl, acetylaminopropyl, and the like.

“Aminoalkoxy” means a —OR radical where R is aminoalkyl as definedabove, e.g., 2-aminoethoxy, 2-dimethylaminopropoxy, and the like.

“Aminocarbonyl” means a —CONRR′ radical where R is independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aminoalkyl, each asdefined herein and R′ is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aminoalkyl, each asdefined herein, e.g., —CONH₂, methylaminocarbonyl,2-dimethylaminocarbonyl, and the like.

“Aminosulfonyl” means a —SO₂NRR′ radical where R is independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aminoalkyl, each asdefined herein and R′ is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl,aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl,heterocyclylalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aminoalkyl, each asdefined herein, e.g., —SO₂NH₂, methylaminosulfonyl,2-dimethylaminosulfonyl, and the like.

“Acyl” means a —COR radical where R is alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl,or heterocyclylalkyl, each as defined herein, e.g., acetyl, propionyl,benzoyl, pyridinylcarbonyl, and the like. When R is alkyl, the radicalis also referred to herein as alkylcarbonyl.

“Acylamino” means a —NHCOR radical where R is alkyl, haloalkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl,heterocyclyl, or heterocyclylalkyl, each as defined herein, e.g.,acetylamino, propionylamino, and the like.

“Aryl” means a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbonradical of 6 to 10 ring atoms e.g., phenyl or naphthyl.

“Aralkyl” means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is aryl as definedabove.

“Cycloalkyl” means a cyclic saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical ofthree to ten carbon atoms wherein one or two carbon atoms may bereplaced by an oxo group, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, orcyclohexyl, and the like.

“Cycloalkylalkyl” means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is cycloalkyl asdefined above; e.g., cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl,cyclopentylethyl, or cyclohexylmethyl, and the like.

“Carboxy” means —COOH.

“Central piperazinyl ring” refers to

ring in Formula (I) and is numbered as shown above.

“Disubstituted amino” means a —NRR′ radical where R and R′ areindependently alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, acyl, sulfonyl, aryl,aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or aminoalkyl, each as defined herein, e.g.,dimethylamino, phenylmethylamino, and the like.

“Halo” means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo, preferably fluoro orchloro.

“Haloalkyl” means alkyl radical as defined above, which is substitutedwith one or more halogen atoms, preferably one to five halogen atoms,preferably fluorine or chlorine, including those substituted withdifferent halogens, e.g., —CH₂Cl, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CF₂CF₃,—CF(CH₃)₃, and the like. When the alkyl is substituted with only fluoro,it is referred to in this Application as fluoroalkyl.

“Haloalkoxy” means a —OR radical where R is haloalkyl as defined abovee.g., —OCF₃,

—OCHF₂, and the like. When R is haloalkyl where the alkyl is substitutedwith only fluoro, it is referred to in this Application as fluoroalkoxy.

“Hydroxyalkyl” means a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of one tosix carbon atoms or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of threeto six carbons substituted with one or two hydroxy groups, provided thatif two hydroxy groups are present they are not both on the same carbonatom. Representative examples include, but are not limited to,hydroxymethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl,1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpropyl, 2-hydroxybutyl, 3-hydroxybutyl,4-hydroxybutyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl,2,3-dihydroxybutyl, 3,4-dihydroxybutyl and2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, preferably 2-hydroxyethyl,2,3-dihydroxypropyl, and 1-(hydroxymethyl)-2-hydroxyethyl.

“Hydroxyalkoxy” or “hydroxyalkyloxy” means a —OR radical where R ishydroxyalkyl as defined above.

“Heterocyclyl” means a saturated or unsaturated monovalent monocyclicgroup of 5 to 8 ring atoms in which one or two ring atoms are heteroatomselected from N, O, or S(O)_(n), where n is an integer from 0 to 2, theremaining ring atoms being C. The heterocyclyl ring is optionally fusedto a (one) aryl or heteroaryl ring as defined herein provided the aryland heteroaryl rings are monocyclic. The heterocyclyl ring fused tomonocyclic aryl or heteroaryl ring is also referred to in thisApplication as “bicyclic heterocyclyl” ring. Additionally, one or tworing carbon atoms in the heterocyclyl ring can optionally be replaced bya —CO— group. More specifically the term heterocyclyl includes, but isnot limited to, pyrrolidino, piperidino, homopiperidino,2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, morpholino, piperazino,tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholino, and the like. When the heterocyclylring is unsaturated it can contain one or two ring double bonds providedthat the ring is not aromatic. When the heterocyclyl group contains atleast one nitrogen atom, it is also referred to herein asheterocycloamino and is a subset of the heterocyclyl group. When theheterocyclyl group is a saturated ring and is not fused to aryl orheteroaryl ring as stated above, it is also referred to herein assaturated monocyclic heterocyclyl.

“Heterocyclylalkyl” means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R isheterocyclyl ring as defined above e.g., tetraydrofuranylmethyl,piperazinylmethyl, morpholinylethyl, and the like.

“Heteroaryl” means a monovalent monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic radicalof 5 to 10 ring atoms where one or more, preferably one, two, or three,ring atoms are heteroatom selected from N, O, or S, the remaining ringatoms being carbon. Representative examples include, but are not limitedto, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, furanyl, indolyl,isoindolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl,quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl,pyridazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, and the like.

“Heteroaralkyl” means a -(alkylene)-R radical where R is heteroaryl asdefined above.

“Monosubstituted amino” means a —NHR radical where R is alkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, acyl, sulfonyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl,heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, or aminoalkyl, each as defined herein, e.g., methylamino,2-phenylamino, hydroxyethylamino, and the like.

“Spiro” compound is a bicyclic compound with rings connected throughjust one atom, the connecting atom is also called the spiroatom, mostoften a quaternary carbon (“spiro carbon”). Representative examplesinclude, but are not limited to,

and the like.

The present invention also includes the prodrugs of compounds of Formula(I). The term prodrug is intended to represent covalently bondedcarriers, which are capable of releasing the active ingredient ofFormula (I) when the prodrug is administered to a mammalian subject.Release of the active ingredient occurs in vivo. Prodrugs can beprepared by techniques known to one skilled in the art. These techniquesgenerally modify appropriate functional groups in a given compound.These modified functional groups however regenerate original functionalgroups in vivo or by routine manipulation. Prodrugs of compounds ofFormula (I) include compounds wherein a hydroxy, amino, carboxylic, or asimilar group is modified. Examples of prodrugs include, but are notlimited to esters (e.g., acetate, formate, and benzoate derivatives),carbamates (e.g., N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl) of hydroxy or aminofunctional groups in compounds of Formula (I)), amides (e.g.,trifluoroacetylamino, acetylamino, and the like), and the like. Prodrugsof compounds of Formula (I) are also within the scope of this invention.

The present invention also includes protected derivatives of compoundsof Formula (I). For example, when compounds of Formula (I) containgroups such as hydroxy, carboxy, thiol or any group containing anitrogen atom(s), these groups can be protected with a suitableprotecting groups. A comprehensive list of suitable protective groupscan be found in T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1999), the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. The protected derivatives ofcompounds of Formula (I) can be prepared by methods well known in theart.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of a compound means a salt that ispharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desiredpharmacological activity of the parent compound. Such salts include:

acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloricacid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, andthe like; or formed with organic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid,propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolicacid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malicacid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoicacid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid,methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid,2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid,4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid,4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, glucoheptonic acid,4,4′-methylenebis-(3-hydroxy-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid), 3-phenylpropionicacid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuricacid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylicacid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or

salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound eitheris replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earthion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such asethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine,N-methylglucamine, and the like. It is understood that thepharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic. Additional informationon suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be found inRemington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company,Easton, Pa., 1985, which is incorporated herein by reference.

The compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers.Compounds of the present invention containing an asymmetricallysubstituted atom may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms.It is well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms, suchas by resolution of materials. All chiral, diastereomeric, racemic formsare within the scope of this invention, unless the specificstereochemistry or isomeric form is specifically indicated.

Certain compounds of Formula (I) can exist as tautomers and/or geometricisomers. All possible tautomers and cis and trans isomers, as individualforms and mixtures thereof are within the scope of this invention.Additionally, as used herein the term alkyl includes all the possibleisomeric forms of said alkyl group albeit only a few examples are setforth. Furthermore, when the cyclic groups such as aryl, heteroaryl,heterocyclyl are substituted, they include all the positional isomersalbeit only a few examples are set forth. Furthermore, all polymorphicforms and hydrates of a compound of Formula (I) are within the scope ofthis invention.

“Oxo” or “carbonyl” means ═(O) group.

“Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described eventor circumstance may but need not occur, and that the descriptionincludes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instancesin which it does not. For example, “heterocyclyl group optionallysubstituted with an alkyl group” means that the alkyl may but need notbe present, and the description includes situations where theheterocyclyl group is substituted with an alkyl group and situationswhere the heterocyclyl group is not substituted with alkyl.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient” means a carrier oran excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical compositionthat is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwiseundesirable, and includes a carrier or an excipient that is acceptablefor veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use. “Apharmaceutically acceptable carrier/excipient” as used in thespecification and claims includes both one and more than one suchexcipient.

“Sulfonyl” means a —SO₂R radical where R is alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl,aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl,each as defined herein, e.g., methylsulfonyl, phenylsulfonyl,benzylsulfonyl, pyridinylsulfonyl, and the like.

The phrase in the definition of groups R¹ and R² in the claims and inthe specification of this Application “ . . . wherein the aforementionedrings are optionally substituted with R^(a), R^(b), or R^(c)independently selected from . . . ” and similar phrases used for othersgroups [e.g., Ar¹ and Ar² groups] in the claims and in the specificationwith respect to the compound of Formula (I) and (IA)-(IF), means thatthe rings can be mono-, di-, or trisubstituted unless indicatedotherwise.

“Treating” or “treatment” of a disease includes:

inhibiting the disease, i.e., arresting or reducing the development ofthe disease or its clinical symptoms; or

relieving the disease, i.e., causing regression of the disease or itsclinical symptoms.

A “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound ofFormula (I) that, when administered to a mammal for treating a disease,is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease. The“therapeutically effective amount” will vary depending on the compound,the disease and its severity and the age, weight, etc., of the mammal tobe treated.

Representative compounds of the Invention are shown in Tables 1-8 below:

Table 1 shows representative compounds of Formula (I) where R¹, R², R³,R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, Ar¹ and Ar² are phenyl where Ar² is substitutedwith R^(g) and R^(h) as shown below.

TABLE 1

Cpd # R^(g) R^(h) Stereochem at *C 1 3-CF₃ Absent R 2 3-Br Absent RS 33-CF₃ Absent RS 4 3-Cl 5-Cl RS 5 3-CF₃ Absent S 6 4-Br Absent RS 7Absent Absent — 8 4-Cl Absent RS 2 HCl 9 4-CF₃ Absent RS 2 HCl 10 2-BrAbsent RS 2 HCl 11 3-phenyl Absent RS 2 HCl 12 4-Br Absent S 2 HCl 134-Br Absent R 2 HCl 14 3-Br Absent S 2 HCl 15 3-Br Absent R 2 HCland are named as:

-   (R)-2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;-   2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-(4-((3,5-dichlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;-   (S)-2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-(4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;-   2-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;-   2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt;-   2-(4-(phenyl(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-(4-((2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt;-   2-(4-((3-biphenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt;-   (S)-2-(4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt;-   (R)-2-(4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt;-   (S)-2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt; and-   (R)-2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt.

Table 2 shows representative compounds of Formula (I) where R¹ is(R)-methyl, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, Ar¹ and Ar² are phenyl whereAr² is substituted with R^(g) and R^(h) as shown below.

TABLE 2

Cpd. # R^(g) R^(h) Stereochem at *C 16 3-CF₃ Absent RS 17 3-Br Absent RS18 Absent Absent (no stereo) 2 HCl 19 3-I Absent R 2 HCl 20 3-Br AbsentR 2 HCl 21 3-Br Absent S 2 HCl 22 3-phenyl Absent RS 2 HCl 23 3-CF₃Absent S 2 HCl 24 3-CF₃ Absent R 2 HCl 25 4-Cl Absent RS 2 HCl 264-phenyl Absent RS 2 HCl 27 4-Br Absent RS 2 HCl 28 4-CN Absent RS 293-Cl Absent RS 2 HCl 30 3-phenyl Absent R 31 3 -SCH₃ Absent RS 32 2-BrAbsent S 33 2-Br Absent R 34 3-CH₃ Absent R 35 3-CH(CH₃)₂ Absent R 364-F Absent RS 37 3-F Absent RS 38 3-thien-2yl Absent R 39 3-SCH₃ AbsentR 40 3-SCH₃ Absent S 41 4-SCH₃ Absent R 42 2-F Absent S 43 2-F Absent R44 3-OCF₃ Absent S 45 3-OCF₃ Absent R 46 4-phenyl Absent R 474-(2-CH₃phenyl) Absent R 48 4-(3-CH₃phenyl) Absent R 49 4-(4-CH₃phenyl)Absent R 50 2-F 4-F S 51 2-F 4-F R 52 4-F Absent S 53 4-F Absent R 543-F Absent S 55 3-F Absent R    55A 4-(2-phenylethynyl) Absent R   55B4-(2-pyridin-3-ylethynyl) Absent R   55C 4-(2-pyridin-4-ylethynyl)Absent Rand are named as:

-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   (R)-2-(4-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((R)-4-((R)-(3-iodophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((R)-4-((R)-(3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((R)-4-((S)-(3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((R)-4-((R)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3-yl(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((R)-4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-(biphenyl-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((R)-4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((R)-4-((4-cyanophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((3-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   [(R)-4-((R)-biphenyl-3-yl-phenyl-methyl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((3-(methylthio)phenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((S)-(2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((R)-(2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(m-tolyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((R)-(3-isopropylphenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((4-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((3-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((S)-(2-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((R)-(2-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-phenyl(3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   [(R)-4-((R)-biphenyl-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-acetic    acid;-   [(R)-2-methyl-4-[(R)-(2′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-acetic    acid;-   [(R)-2-methyl-4-[(R)-(3′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-acetic    acid;-   [(R)-2-methyl-4-[(R)-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((S)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((R)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((S)-(4-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((R)-(4-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((S)-(3-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-4-((R)-(3-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(2-pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid; and-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(2-pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid.

Table 3 shows representative compounds of Formula (I) where R¹ is(S)-methyl, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, Ar¹ and Ar² are phenyl whereAr² is substituted with R^(g) and R^(h) as shown below.

TABLE 3

Cpd # R^(g) R^(h) Stereochem at *C 56 Absent Absent (no stereo) 2 HCl 573-CF₃ Absent RS 2 HCland are named as:

-   (S)-2-(4-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt; and-   2-((S)-2-methyl-4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt.

Table 4 shows representative compounds of Formula (I) where R³, R⁴ andR⁵ are hydrogen, Ar¹ and Ar² are phenyl where Ar² is substituted withR^(g) and R^(h) as shown below and R¹ and R² are as shown below.

TABLE 4

Stereo- chem Cpd # R¹ R² R^(g) R^(h) at *C 58 H 3S—CH₃ Absent Absent (no2 HCl stereo) 59 H 3R—CH₃ Absent Absent (no 2 HCl stereo) 60 and 622R—CH₃ 5S—CH₃ Absent Absent (no 2 HCl as a stereo) mixture of twoenantio- mers (both are trans- dimethyl) 62 2S—CH₃ 5R—CH₃ Absent Absent(no 2 HCl stereo) 63 H 3R—CH₃ 4-phenyl Absent RSand are named as:

-   (S)-2-(4-benzhydryl-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt;-   (R)-2-(4-benzhydryl-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((2,5-trans)-4-benzhydryl-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((2,5-cis)-4-benzhydryl-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt; and-   2-(4-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl(phenyl)methyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid

Table 5 shows representative compounds of Formula (I) where R¹ is shownbelow, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, Ar¹ and Ar² are phenyl where Ar¹is substituted with R^(g) and Ar² is substituted with R^(h) as shownbelow.

TABLE 5

Cpd # R^(g) R^(h) R¹ Stereochem at *C 64 3-Cl 3-Cl 2R—CH₃ (no stereo) 653-F 3-F 2R—CH₃ (no stereo) 66 4-CF₃ 3-CF₃ H RS 67 4-F 3-phenyl 2R—CH₃ RS2 HCl 68 4-Cl 4-Cl 2R—CH₃ (no stereo) 2 HCl 69 4-F 3-Br 2R—CH₃ RS 2 HCl70 4-F 4-F 3R—CH₃ (no stereo) 2 HCl 71 4-F 4-F 2-R—CH₃ (no stereo) 723-CF₃ 3-CF₃ 2-R—CH₃ (no stereo) 73 3-CF₃ 3-CF₃ H (no stereo)and are named as:

-   (R)-2-(4-(bis(3-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   (R)-2-(4-(bis(3-fluorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-(4-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-(4-((4-fluorophenyl)(3-(diphenyl)methyl))-(R)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   (R)-2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-((R)-4-((3-bromophenyl)(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   (R)-2-(4-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   (R)-2-(4-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   (R)-2-(4-(bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid; and-   2-(4-(bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid.

Table 6 shows representative compounds of Formula (I) where R¹ is(R)-methyl, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, Ar¹ and Ar² are as shownbelow.

TABLE 6

Cpd. # Ar¹ Ar² Stereochem. at *C 74 thien-2-yl 3-CF₃phenyl RS 75thien-2-yl 3-CF₃phenyl R 76 thien-2-yl 3-CF₃phenyl S 77 cyclopropyl3-CF₃phenyl RS 2 HCland are named as:

-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-(thiophen-2-yl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-thiophen-2-yl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-thiophen-2-yl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid; and-   2-((R)-4-(cyclopropyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt.

Table 7 shows representative compounds of Formula (I) where R⁵ and R³are hydrogen, Ar¹ and Ar² are each 4-Clphenyl and R¹, R², and R⁴ are asshown below.

TABLE 7

Cpd # R⁴ R¹ R² R¹ + R² 78 H H 2(R)—CH₃ 79 (S)—CH₃ H 3(R)—CH₃ 80 H 3-═(O) 81 (S)—CH₃ H 2(R)—CH₃ 82 (R)—CH₃ H 2(R)—CH₃ 83 H H 2- ═(O) 84 H6(S)—CH₃ 2(R)—CH₃ 2 HCl 85 H 2-CH₃ 2-CH₃ 2 HCl 86 —CH₃ H H 2 HCl 87 H H2(R)—CH(CH₃)₂ 2 HCl 88 H H H 2 HCland are named as:

-   (R)-2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   (S)-2-((R)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic    acid;-   2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-oxopiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;-   (S)-2-((R)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic    acid;-   (R)-2-((R)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic    acid;-   2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-oxopiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;-   2-((2R,6S)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2,6-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2,2-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt;-   2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid    dihydrochloride salt;-   (R)-2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid dihydrochloride salt; and-   2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid    dihydrochloride salt.

TABLE 8

and is named as:

-   2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-acetic    acid.

Embodiments

(A) In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) has the structurerepresented by Formula (IA):

where:

R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclylwherein the aforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a),R^(b), or R^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, ordisubstituted amino;

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino; and

other groups are as defined in the Summary of the Invention.

Within this group (A), one group of compounds is that wherein R¹ and R²are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, orhaloalkoxy provided that at least one of R¹ and R² is other thanhydrogen.

Within this group (A), another group of compounds is that wherein R¹ andR² are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy,or haloalkoxy.

Within this group (A), another group of compounds is that wherein R¹ andR² are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl,trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.

Within this group (A), another group of compounds is that wherein R¹ andR² are hydrogen.

Within this group (A), another group of compounds is that wherein R¹ ishydrogen and R² are alkyl.

Within this group (A), another group of compounds is that wherein R¹ ishydrogen and R² are methyl.

Within this group (A), yet another group of compounds is that wherein R¹is hydrogen and R² is methyl, ethyl, propyl, trifluoromethyl,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, trifluoromethoxy,difluoromethoxy, or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and is located at the carbonatom that is ortho to the piperazine nitrogen atom that is substitutedwith the carboxymethyl group.

Within this group (A), yet another group of compounds is that wherein R¹is hydrogen and R² is methyl, ethyl, propyl, trifluoromethyl,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, trifluoromethoxy,difluoromethoxy, or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and is located at the carbonatom that is ortho to the piperazine nitrogen atom that is substitutedwith the carboxymethyl group and the stereochemistry at the carbon atomcarrying the R² group is (R).

Within this group (A), yet another group of compounds is that wherein R¹is hydrogen and R² is methyl and is located at the carbon atom that isortho to the piperazine nitrogen atom that is substituted with thecarboxymethyl group and the stereochemistry at the carbon atom carryingthe R² group is (R).

Within this group (A), yet another group of compounds is that wherein R¹is hydrogen and R² is methyl, ethyl, propyl, trifluoromethyl,2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, trifluoromethoxy,difluoromethoxy, or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and is located at the carbonatom that is ortho to the piperazine nitrogen atom that is substitutedwith the carboxymethyl group and the stereochemistry at the carbon atomcarrying the R² group is (S).

Within this group (A), another group of compounds is that wherein R¹ andR² are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.

Within this group (A), another group of compounds is that wherein R¹ andR² are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy where R¹ islocated at the carbon atom that is ortho to the piperazine nitrogen atomthat is substituted with the carboxymethyl group and R² is located atcarbon that is para to the carbon atom carrying the R¹ group.

Within this group (A), another group of compounds is that wherein R¹ andR² are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl,trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy where R¹ islocated at the carbon atom that is ortho to the piperazine nitrogen atomthat is substituted with the carboxymethyl group and R² is located atcarbon that is para to the carbon atom carrying the R¹ group and thestereochemistry at the carbon atoms carrying the R¹ and R² groups are(R,S), (R,R), (S,R) or (S,S).

Within this group (A), yet another group of compounds is that wherein R¹is hydrogen and R² is aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclylwherein the aforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a),R^(b), or R^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, ordisubstituted amino

(B) In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) has the structurerepresented by Formula (IB):

wherein:

R¹ and R² together from an oxo group;

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino; and othergroups are as defined in the Summary of the Invention.

Within this group (B), one group of compounds is that wherein the oxogroup is located at the carbon atom that is ortho to the piperazinenitrogen atom that is substituted with the carboxymethyl group.

(C) In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) has the structurerepresented by Formula (IC):

wherein:

R¹ and R² are attached to the same carbon atom and are combined to formcycloalkyl optionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e) or R^(f)independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl,fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy, monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino;

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino; andother groupsare as defined in the Summary of the Invention.

Within this group (C), one group of compounds is that wherein R¹ and R²combine to form cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl ringoptionally substituted with R^(d) or R^(e) independently selected fromalkyl, hydroxy, or fluoro.

(D) In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) has the structurerepresented by Formula (ID):

wherein:

R¹ and R² are attached to the same carbon atom and are combined to formmonocyclic saturated heterocyclyl which are optionally substituted withR^(d), R^(e) or R^(f) independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro,fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy, monosubstituted amino, ordisubstituted amino;

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino; and othergroups are as defined in the Summary of the Invention.

Within this group (D), one group of compounds is that wherein R¹ and R²combine to form tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, orpyrrolidinyl where each ring is optionally substituted with R^(d) orR^(e) independently selected from one or two alkyl, hydroxy, or fluoro.

(E) In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) has the structurerepresented by Formula (IE):

wherein:

R¹ and R² are attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions ofthe piperazine ring, and are combined to form —C₁-C₂— alkylene chainwherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl;

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acyl; and other groups areas defined in the Summary of the Invention.

(F) In another embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) has the structurerepresented by Formula (IF):

wherein:

R¹ and R² are attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions ofthe piperazine ring and are combined to form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chainwherein one of the carbon atoms in the alkylene chain is replaced by a—NR—, —O—, —S(O)n1- (where R is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) andfurther wherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl;

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino; and othergroups are as defined in the Summary of the Invention.

Within this group (F), one group of compounds is that wherein R¹ and R²are attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions of thepiperazine ring, and are combined to form —C₁-C₂— alkylene wherein oneof the carbon is replace by represented by —NR— (where R is hydrogen oralkyl).

(a) Within the embodiments (A)-(F) above and groups contained therein,one group of compounds is that wherein R³ is hydrogen. Within thisgroup, one group of compounds is that wherein the stereochemistry at thecarbon atom carrying the R³ group is (S). Within this group, one groupof compounds is that wherein the stereochemistry at the carbon atomcarrying the R³ group is (R).

(b) Within the embodiments (A)-(F) above and groups contained therein,another group of compounds is that wherein R³ is alkyl, preferablymethyl or ethyl. Within this group, one group of compounds is thatwherein the stereochemistry at the carbon atom carrying the R³ group is(5). Within this group, one group of compounds is that wherein thestereochemistry at the carbon atom carrying the R³ group is (R).

(c) Within the embodiments (A)-(F) above and groups contained therein,yet another group of compounds is that wherein R³ is fluoro. Within thisgroup, one group of compounds is that wherein the stereochemistry at thecarbon atom carrying the R³ group is (5). Within this group, one groupof compounds is that wherein the stereochemistry at the carbon atomcarrying the R³ group is (R).

(d) Within the embodiments (A)-(F) above and groups contained therein,yet another group of compounds is that wherein R³ is fluoroalkyl,preferably difluoromethyl or trifluoromethyl. Within this group, onegroup of compounds is that wherein the stereochemistry at the carbonatom carrying the R³ group is (5). Within this group, one group ofcompounds is that wherein the stereochemistry at the carbon atomcarrying the R³ group is (R).

(i) Within the embodiments (A)-(F), (a)-(d) and groups containedtherein, and groups formed as a result of combination of groups (A)-(F)with (a)-(d), one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹ and Ar² arephenyl, each phenyl optionally substituted as defined above.

Within this embodiment (i), one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹and Ar² are phenyl. Within this embodiment, another group of compoundsis that wherein Ar¹ is phenyl and Ar² is phenyl substituted with R^(g)selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, preferably methyl,fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.

Within this embodiment (i), another group of compounds is that whereinAr¹ is phenyl and Ar² is phenyl substituted with R^(g) selected fromalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, preferably methyl, fluoro, chloro,trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and R^(g) islocated at the 3-position of the phenyl ring, the carbon atom attachedto the —CR³Ar¹ group being the 1-position.

Within this embodiment (i), another group of compounds is that whereinAr¹ is phenyl substituted with R^(g) selected from alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, preferably methyl, fluoro, chloro,trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, preferablyR^(g) is located at the 3-position of the phenyl ring and Ar² is phenylsubstituted with R^(h) selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,preferably methyl, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, preferably R^(h) is located at the 3-position ofthe phenyl ring.

(ii) Within the embodiments (A)-(F), (a)-(d) and groups containedtherein, and groups formed as a result of combination of groups (A)-(F)with (a)-(d), another group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹ is phenyland Ar² is heteroaryl, each ring optionally substituted as definedabove.

Within this embodiment (ii), one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹is phenyl and Ar² is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, orthienyl, each Ar¹ and Ar² optionally substituted as defined above.

Within this embodiment (ii), another group of compounds is that whereinAr¹ is phenyl and Ar² is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl,or thienyl optionally substituted with R^(g) or R^(h) independentlyselected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, preferably methyl,fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.

Within this embodiment (ii), another group of compounds is that whereinAr¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with R^(g) or R^(h) independentlyselected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, preferably methyl,fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and Ar² is pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl,pyrazinyl, or thienyl, preferably thienyl.

(iii) Within the embodiments (A)-(F), (a)-(d) above and groups containedtherein, and groups formed as a result of combination of groups (A)-(F)with (a)-(d), another group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹ is phenyland Ar² is heterocyclyl, each Ar¹ and Ar² optionally substituted asdefined above provided that Ar² is not pyrimidin-4(3H)-one that is fusedto a five membered heteroaryl ring and is optionally substituted asdefined above.

Within this embodiment (iii), one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹is phenyl and Ar² is tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, ortetrahydrofuranyl, each Ar¹ and Ar² optionally substituted as definedabove.

Within this embodiment (iii), one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹is phenyl and Ar² is tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, ortetrahydrofuranyl optionally substituted with R^(g) or R^(h)independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,preferably methyl, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy. Within this group, another group of compounds isthat wherein Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with R^(g) or R^(h)independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,preferably methyl, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy and Ar² is tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, orfuranyl.

(iv) Within the embodiments (A)-(F), (a)-(d) and groups containedtherein, and groups formed as a result of combination of groups (A)-(F)with (a)-(d), another group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹ is phenyland Ar² is cycloalkyl, each Ar¹ and Ar² optionally substituted asdefined above.

Within this embodiment (iv), one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹is phenyl and Ar² is cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, each Ar¹ and Ar²optionally substituted as defined above.

Within this embodiment (iv), one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹is phenyl and Ar² is cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl, each Ar¹ and Ar²optionally substituted with R^(g) or R^(h) independently selected fromalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, preferably methyl, fluoro, chloro,trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.

Within this embodiment (iv), one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹is phenyl and Ar² is cyclopropyl, Ar¹ optionally substituted as definedabove.

Within this embodiment (iv), one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹is phenyl and Ar² is cyclopropyl, Ar¹ optionally substituted with R^(g)or R^(h) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,preferably methyl, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.

(v) Within the embodiments (A)-(F), (a)-(d) and groups containedtherein, and groups formed as a result of combination of groups (A)-(F)with (a)-(d), another group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹ and Ar² areheteroaryl optionally substituted as defined above.

Within this embodiment (v), one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹and Ar² are heteroaryl each optionally substituted with R^(g) or R^(h)independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,preferably methyl, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.

(vi) Within the embodiments (A)-(F), (a)-(d) and groups containedtherein, and groups formed as a result of combination of groups (A)-(F)with (a)-(d), another group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹ isheteroaryl and Ar² is cycloalkyl each Ar¹ and Ar² optionally substitutedas defined above.

(vii) Within the embodiments (A)-(F), (a)-(d) and groups containedtherein, one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹ is heterocyclyl andAr² is heteroaryl each Ar¹ and Ar² optionally substituted as definedabove.

(viii) Within the embodiments (A)-(F), (a)-(d) and groups containedtherein, one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹ is cycloalkyl andAr² is heterocyclyl each Ar¹ and Ar² optionally substituted as definedabove.

(ix) Within the embodiments (A)-(F), (a)-(d) and groups containedtherein, one group of compounds is that wherein Ar¹ is cycloalkyl andAr² is cycloalkyl each Ar¹ and Ar² optionally substituted as definedabove.

The above embodiments, include all combinations of individual groups andsubs-groups contained therein e.g., each group and subgroups containedwithin groups (A) to (F), can be combined independently with each groupand sub-group contained within group (a)-(d) and (i)-(ix) and each groupformed as a result of combination of groups (a)-(d) and (i)-(ix).

(G) In another embodiment, this invention is directed to a compound ofFormula (I), wherein Ar¹ and Ar² are phenyl optionally substituted withR^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) and R^(i) areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, or cycloalkyl where thearomatic or alicyclic ring in R^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionallysubstituted with R^(j), R^(k) or R^(l) which are independently selectedfrom alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy,amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl,carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl,hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl,or acylamino

(H) In another embodiment, this invention is directed to a compound ofFormula (I), wherein Ar¹ and Ar² are phenyl optionally substituted withR^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) and R^(i) areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl,or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring in R^(g), R^(h) andR^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) or R^(l) which areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl,hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl,or acylamino provided that R^(h) and R^(i) are not substituted orunsubstituted tetrazole.

(I) In another embodiment, this invention is directed to a compound ofFormula (I), wherein Ar¹ is phenyl and Ar² is heteroaryl or heterocyclyloptionally substituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl,halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino,monosubstituted amino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl,aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl,aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclylwhere the aromatic or alicyclic ring in R^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) isoptionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) or R^(l) which areindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl,hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl,or acylamino provided that neither of R^(h) and R^(i) is substituted orunsubstituted tetrazole.

(J) In another embodiment, this invention is directed to a compound ofFormula (I), Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl,or heterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino; provided that:(i) when Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with one or more hydroxy or alkoxy,then Ar² is not phenyl or a bicyclic heteroaryl which is attached viathe phenyl portion of the bicyclic ring wherein the phenyl or bicyclicheteroaryl ring is substituted with substituted or unsubstitutedtetrazolyl; (ii) when Ar¹ is phenyl substituted with one or more hydroxyor alkoxy, then Ar² is not phenyl substituted with heterocyclic orheteroaryl ring wherein the heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring issubstituted with carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, or substituted orunsubstituted tetrazole ring; (iii) when Ar¹ is a five memberedheteroaryl ring substituted with alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl or heterocyclyl, then Ar² is not five or six memberedsubstituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring wherein theheteroaryl or heterocyclyl ring contains at least one nitrogen ringatom; and (iv) when Ar¹ is substituted or unsubstituted phenyl and Ar²is pyrimidin-4(3H)-one substituted or unsubstituted at N-3 nitrogen withR^(h) and is attached to the —CR³— carbon via the C-2 ring carbon, thenit is not fused to a five membered heteroaryl ring.

Within embodiments (G)-(J) above, other groups of compounds of Formula(I) are those wherein R¹, R², R³, Ar¹ and Ar² are as defined in thegroups and subgroups contained within (A) to (F), (a)-(d), and (i)-(ix)and combinations thereof

(K) In another embodiment, this invention is directed to a compound ofFormula (I):

where:

R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen or alkyl; and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently phenyl, each ring optionally substitutedwith R^(g) or R^(h) where R^(g) and R^(h) are independently alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, oralkoxycarbonyl. In one embodiment within this group, R¹ and R² arehydrogen. In another embodiment within this group, at least one of R¹and R² is not hydrogen.

In one embodiment within this group, the compound of Formula (I) has oneof the following structures:

where R¹ is hydrogen or methyl and R^(g) and R^(h) are independentlyabsent, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy provided that in compound(a) R^(g) is not absent. In another embodiment within this group, thecompound of Formula (I) has one of the structures (a)-(e), where theR^(g) group is attached to the 3-position of the phenyl ring and R^(g)and R^(h) are independently methyl, chloro, trifluoromethyl, ortrifluoromethoxy. In another embodiment within this group, the compoundof Formula (I) has one of the structures (a)-(e), where the R^(g) groupis attached to the 3-position of the phenyl ring and R^(g) and R^(h) areindependently methyl, chloro, trifluoromethyl, or trifluoromethoxy andthe stereochemistry at *C is (R). In yet another embodiment within thisgroup, the compound of Formula (I) has one of the structures (a)-(e)where the R^(g) group is attached to the 3-position of the phenyl ring.In another embodiment within this group, the compound of Formula (I) hasone of the structures (a)-(e) where the R^(g) group is attached to the3-position of the phenyl ring and the stereochemistry at *C is (R).

(L) In another embodiment, this invention is directed to a compound ofFormula (I):

where:

R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen or alkyl;

R³ is hydrogen, alkyl, fluoro, or fluoroalkyl; and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently phenyl, each ring optionally substitutedwith R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino provided thatwhen R¹, R², R³ and R⁴ are hydrogen, R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) are notindependently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, or alkoxycarbonyl. In one embodimentwithin this group, R³ is hydrogen and R^(i) is absent, R^(g) is absentor halo, and R^(h) is cyano, heteroaryl (except tetrazolyl) or phenyleach ring optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) or R^(l). In anotherembodiment within this group, R³ is hydrogen and R^(i) is absent, R^(g)is absent or halo, and R^(h) is cyano, heteroaryl (except tetrazolyl) orphenyl each ring optionally substituted with alkyl.

In another embodiment within this group, the compound of Formula (I) hasone of the following structures:

where R¹ is hydrogen or methyl, R^(g) is cyano, heteroaryl or phenyl,each ring is optionally substituted with alkyl and R^(h) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy.

In another embodiment within this group, the compound of Formula (I) hasone of the structures (a)-(e), where the R^(g) group is attached to the3-position of the phenyl ring and R^(h) is methyl, chloro,trifluoromethyl, or trifluoromethoxy.

In another embodiment within this group, the compound of Formula (I) hasone of the structures (a)-(e), where the R^(g) group is attached to the3-position of the phenyl ring and the stereochemistry at *C is (R).

(M) In another embodiment, this invention is directed to a compound ofFormula (I):

where:

n is 1;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclylwherein the aforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a),R^(b), or R^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, ordisubstituted amino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to the same carbon atom, can combine to formcycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl to give a spiro ringwherein the cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e), or R^(f) independentlyselected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy,monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino; or

R¹ and R², when attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions ofthe piperazine ring, can combine to form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chain whereinone of the carbon atoms in the alkylene chain is optionally replaced bya —NR—, —O—, —S(O)n1- (where R is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) andfurther wherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl; and

Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, orheterocyclyl where each of the aforementioned ring is optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) where R^(g) is alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstitutedamino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) andR^(i) are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl where the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino provided that:the compound of Formula (I) is not 2-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid or 2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid.

Within this embodiment, one group of compounds is that wherein R¹ and R²are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy,haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein theaforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a), R^(b), orR^(c) independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy,haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, or disubstitutedamino Within this embodiment, one group of compounds is that whereinwhen Ar¹ and Ar² are phenyl, the stereochemistry at the carbon atom atcarrying the Ar¹ and Ar² group (i.e. —CR³Ar¹Ar²) is (R). Within thisembodiment, another group of compounds is that wherein when Ar¹ and Ar²are independently phenyl or cycloalkyl provided that atleast one of Ar¹and Ar² group is cycloalkyl, the stereochemistry at the carbon atom atcarrying the Ar¹ and Ar² group (i.e. —CR³Ar¹Ar²) is (R). Within thisembodiment, one group of compounds is that wherein when Ar¹ and Ar² areindependently phenyl or heteroaryl, provided at least one of Ar¹ and Ar²group is phenyl, the stereochemistry at the carbon atom at carrying theAr¹ and Ar² group (i.e. —CR³Ar¹Ar²) is (S).

Within this embodiment, yet another group of compounds is that whereinR¹ and R² are hydrogen.

Within this embodiment, yet another group of compounds is that whereinR¹ and R² are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl,alkoxy, or haloalkoxy provided that at least one of R¹ and R² is otherthan hydrogen.

Within this embodiment, yet another group of compounds is that whereinR¹ is hydrogen and R² is alkyl. Within this embodiment, one group ofcompounds is that wherein R² is methyl.

Within this embodiment, yet another group of compounds is that whereinR¹ and R² are attached to the same carbon atom and are combined to formcycloalkyl optionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e) or R^(f)independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl,fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy, monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino

Within this embodiment, yet another group of compounds is that whereinR¹ and R² are attached to the same carbon atom and are combined to formmonocyclic saturated heterocyclyl which are optionally substituted withR^(d), R^(e) or R^(f) independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro,fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy, monosubstituted amino, ordisubstituted amino.

Within this embodiment, yet another group of compounds is that whereinR¹ and R² are attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions ofthe piperazine ring, and are combined to form —C₁-C₂— alkylene chainwherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl.

Within this embodiment, yet another group of compounds is that whereinR³ and R⁵ are hydrogen, R¹, R², and R⁴ are independently hydrogen oralkyl, and Ar¹ and Ar² are phenyl optionally substituted with R^(g),R^(h) or R^(i) provided at least one of R¹, R², and R⁴ is other thanhydrogen.

Within this embodiment, yet another group of compounds is that whereinR³ and R⁵ are hydrogen, R¹, R², and R⁴ are independently hydrogen oralkyl, Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i)and Ar² is cycloalkyl provided at least one of R¹, R², and R⁴ is otherthan hydrogen.

Within this embodiment, yet another group of compounds is that whereinR³ and R⁵ are hydrogen, R¹, R², and R⁴ are independently hydrogen oralkyl, Ar¹ is phenyl and Ar² is heteroaryl, each ring optionallysubstituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) provided at least one of R¹, R²,and R⁴ is other than hydrogen.

General Synthetic Scheme

Compounds of this invention can be made by the methods depicted in thereaction schemes shown below.

The starting materials and reagents used in preparing these compoundsare either available from commercial suppliers such as Aldrich ChemicalCo., (Milwaukee, Wis.), Bachem (Torrance, Calif.), or Sigma (St. Louis,Mo.) or are prepared by methods known to those skilled in the artfollowing procedures set forth in references such as Fieser and Fieser'sReagents for Organic Synthesis, Volumes 1-17 (John Wiley and Sons,1991); Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Volumes 1-5 andSupplementals (Elsevier Science Publishers, 1989); Organic Reactions,Volumes 1-40 (John Wiley and Sons, 1991), March's Advanced OrganicChemistry, (John Wiley and Sons, 4th Edition) and Larock's ComprehensiveOrganic Transformations (VCH Publishers Inc., 1989). These schemes aremerely illustrative of some methods by which the compounds of thisinvention can be synthesized, and various modifications to these schemescan be made and will be suggested to one skilled in the art havingreferred to this disclosure. The starting materials and theintermediates, and the final products of the reaction may be isolatedand purified if desired using conventional techniques, including but notlimited to filtration, distillation, crystallization, chromatography andthe like. Such materials may be characterized using conventional means,including physical constants and spectral data.

Unless specified to the contrary, the reactions described herein takeplace at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range from about −78°C. to about 150° C., more preferably from about 0° C. to about 125° C.and most preferably at about room (or ambient) temperature, e.g., about20° C.

Compounds of Formula (I) where Ar¹, Ar², R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are asdefined in the Summary of the Invention can be prepared as illustratedand described in Scheme A below.

Treatment of a compound of formula 1 where LG is a suitable leavinggroup such as halo, tosylate, mesylate, triflate, and the like, and Ar¹,Ar², and R³ are as defined in the Summary of the Invention with apiperazine of formula 2 where R¹ and R² are as defined in the Summary ofthe Invention, provides a compound of formula 3. The reaction is carriedout in a suitable organic solvent such as acetonitrile, toluene, and thelike (with or without a base such as trethylamine ordisiopropylethylamine) and takes place upon heating at a suitabletemperature between 70 to 150° C.

Compounds of formula 1 are either commercially available or can bereadily prepared by methods well known in the art. For example,compounds of formula 1 where LG is halo can be prepared by reduction ofa ketone compound of formula Ar¹COAr² with a suitable reducing agentsuch as sodium borohydride, and the like, in a suitable organic alcoholsolvent such as methanol, ethanol, and the like to provide thecorresponding alcohol of formula Ar¹C(OH)Ar² which upon treatment with ahalogenating agent such as thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride,triphenylphosphine/carbon tetrabromide, and the like provides thecompound of formula 1 where LG is halo. Alternatively, Ar¹C(OH)Ar² canbe treated with mesyl chloride, tosyl chloride, triflic anhydride underconditions well known in the art to provide a compound of formula 1where LG is mesylate, tosylate, or triflate, respectively. Compounds offormula Ar¹COAr² are commercially available or they can be prepared bymethods well known in the art. For example, acylating Ar¹ where Ar¹ isan aryl or heteroaryl ring with an Ar²COCl under Fridel-Crafts acylatingreaction conditions.

Compounds of formula Ar¹C(OH)Ar² are either commercially available orthey can also be prepared by treating an aldehyde of formula Ar¹CHO witha Grignard reagent of formula Ar²MgX where X is halo under conditionswell known in the art. Compounds of formula Ar¹COAr² and Ar¹C(OH)Ar²such as (2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanone, 4-bromobenzophenone,2-fluorobenzophenone, 2,4-difluorobenzophenone,(4-fluorophenyl)-(phenyl)methanone, 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzophenone,3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzophenone, 4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzophenone,3,4-dichlorobenzophenone, 4-chloro-benzophenone, 2-hydroxybenzophenone,2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 3-hydroxybenzophenone,5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone,2-hydroxy-5-methyl-benzophenone, 3-benzoylbenzoic acid, 4-benzoylbenzoicacid, 4-benzoylbiphenyl, 4-morpholino-benzophenone,4-amino-3-nitrobenzophenone, 3-nitro-benzophenone,2-chloro-5-nitro-benzophenone, 4-nitro-benzophenone,2-amino-5-nitro-benzophenone, 2-amino-benzophenone,3,4-diamino-benzophenone, 2-amino-5-chloro-benzophenone,4-aminobenzophenone, 4-(dimethylamino)-benzophenone,2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone, 4-methoxy-benzophenone,2-methylbenzophenone, 3-methyl-benzophenone,(2,4-dimethylphenyl)(phenyl)methanone, 4-methylbenzophenone,3-chloro-benzophenone, 3,4-difluorobenzophenone, 4-cyanobenzophenone,(3-aminophenyl)-(phenyl)methanone,3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-7-yl(phenyl)methanone,3,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 4-fluorobenzophenone, 2-benzoylbenzoic acid,2-benzoyl-naphthalene, 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzophenone,3,4-dimethylbenzophenone, 2,5-difluoro-benzophenone,1,4-dibenzoylbenzene, 4-ethylbenzophenone,3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)-benzophenone, 3-amino-benzophenone,2-methoxybenzophenone, 1-naphthyl phenyl ketone,2,3-difluoro-benzophenone, 3,5-difluorobenzophenone,2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzophenone,4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzophenone, 4-benzoyl-4′-bromobiphenyl,6-benzoyl-2-naphthol, 2-amino-4-methylbenzophenone,5-chloro-2-(methylamino)benzophenone, 2,5-dimethyl-benzophenone, methyl2-benzoylbenzoate, 4-benzyloxybenzophenone,5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzophenone, 2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propionitrile,2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzophenone,4-(diethylamino)-benzophenone, 3-bromobenzophenone,2-cyano-benzophenone, 4-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone,2-chlorobenzophenone, (4-chlorophenyl)-(phenyl)methanol,(3-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methanol, (4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanol,(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)(phenyl)methanol,(4-trifluoro-methylphenyl)(phenyl)methanol, 4,4′-difluoro-benzhydrol,4,4′-dichlorobenzhydrol, 2-methylbenzhydrol, 4-chlorobenzhydrol,4-methylbenzhydrol, 4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)benzhydrol,4,4′-dimethoxy-benzhydrol, 4,4′-dimethoxybenzhydrol,2-(trifluoromethyl)benzhydrol, 3-(trifluoromethyl)-benzhydrol,4-methoxybenzhydrol, 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzhydrol,4,4′-dimethylbenzhydrol, and di[3,5-di(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-methanol,bis(4-diethylaminophenyl)-methanol are commercially available fromLancaster Synthesis Ltd.; Fluka Chemie GmbH; Aldrich Chemical Company,Inc.; Alfa Aesar, A Johnson Matthey Company; Acros Organics USA;Maybridge; or VWR International.

Treatment of compound 3 with bromoacetate where R is alkyl, preferablymethyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, and the like provides a compound of formula4. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base such astriethylamine, DIEA, and the like and in a suitable organic solvent suchas acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, DMF, methylene chloride, and the like.Acidic or basic hydrolysis of the ester group in 4 then provides thecompound of Formula (I).

Compounds of formula 4 can be further modified prior to converting it toa compound of Formula (I). For example, a compound of formula 4 whereAr¹ or Ar² is substituted with a halo group, can be reacted withalkynyl, aryl, or heteroarylboronic acids under Suzuki coupling reactionconditions to provide a corresponding compound of formula 4 where Ar¹ orAr² is substituted with alkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring respectively.The reaction is usually carried out in the presence of common palladiumcatalysts such as Pd(PPh₃)₄, Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂, Pd₂dba₃, Pd(dppf)Cl₂.CH₂Cl₂and the like, and a weak base such as Na₂CO₃ and the like, in a mixtureof solvents of water and a suitable organic solvent such asacetonitrile, p-dioxane, DMF, THF and the like. The reaction is usuallyheated up to 70-130° C. temperature range (oil bath or microwaveirradiation). Acidic hydrolysis of the ester group in 4 then providesthe compound of Formula (I).

Alternatively, the above transformation can be carried out under Stillecoupling reaction conditions. Under Stille reaction conditions, thecompound 4 where Ar¹ or Ar² is substituted with a halo group is treatedwith alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryltributyltin(or trimethyltin) derivativesto provide a compound of formula 4 where Ar¹ or Ar² is substituted withalkynyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring respectively. The reaction is usuallycarried out in the presence of common palladium catalysts such asPd(PPh₃)₄, Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂, Pd₂dba₃, Pd(dppf)Cl₂.CH₂Cl₂ and the like, andwith or without additional ligands such as tBu₃P, Ph₃P, Ph₃As, and thelike, in a suitable organic solvent such as toluene, acetonitrile,p-dioxane, DMF, THF and the like. The reaction temperature ranges from20 to 150° C. (rt, oil bath or microwave irradiation). Acidic hydrolysisof the ester group in 4 then provides the compound of Formula (I).Alternatively, the above transformation can be carried out under Negishior Sonogashira (where Ar¹ or Ar² is substituted with terminal alkyne)coupling reaction conditions.

Compounds of Formula (I) can be converted to other compounds of Formula(I). For example, compounds of Formula (I) where Ar¹ or Ar² issubstituted with mono substituted or disubstituted amino as defined inthe Summary of the Invention can be prepared from a correspondingcompound of Formula (I) where Ar¹ or Ar² is substituted with nitro groupby first reducing the nitro group to an amino group and then alkylating,arylating, sulfonylating or acylating the amino group under conditionswell known in the art. The mono substituted amino can be converted tothe disubstituted amino, if desired, by alkylating, arylating,sulfonylating, or acylating the monosubstituted amino. The reaction istypically carried out in the presence of a base such as potassiumtert-butoxide, and the like, and a catalyst such as 18-crown-6 in asuitable solvent such as tetrahydrofuran, and the like. Compounds ofFormula (I) where Ar¹ or Ar² is substituted with alkoxy, haloalkoxy,hydroxyalkoxy, or aminoalkoxy can be prepared by treating acorresponding compound of Formula (I) where Ar¹ or Ar² is substitutedwith hydroxy with alkyl halide, alkoxy halide, aminoalkyl halide orhaloalkyl in the presence of a base.

It will be recognized by a person skilled in the art that the abovetransformations could also be carried out at earlier stages in thesynthetic process based on feasibility of the transformations.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula (I) where Ar¹, Ar², R¹, R², R³, R⁴and R⁵ are as defined in the Summary of the Invention can be prepared asillustrated and described in Scheme B below.

Alternatively, compounds of Formula (I) where Ar¹, Ar², R¹, R² and R³are as defined in the Summary of the Invention can be prepared byreacting a compound of formula 1 with a compound of formula 5 provides acompound of formula 4 which is then converted to a compound of Formula(I) as described above. The reaction is carried out in the presence of abase such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, and the like in asuitable organic solvent. Compounds of formula 5 can be prepared fromcommercially available piperazines as described above.

Utility

The NMDA receptor is central to a wide range of CNS processes, and playsa role in a variety of disease states in humans or other species. Theaction of GlyT1 transporters affects the local concentration of glycinearound NMDA receptors. Selective GlyT1 inhibitors slow the removal ofglycine from the synapse, causing the level of synaptic glycine to rise.This in turn increases the occupancy of the glycine binding site on theNMDA receptor, which increases activation of the NMDA receptor followingglutamate release from the presynaptic terminal Because a certain amountof glycine is needed for the efficient functioning of NMDA receptors,any change to that local concentration can affect NMDA-mediatedneurotransmission. Changes in NMDA-mediated neurotransmission have beenimplicated in certain neuropsychiatric disorders such as dementia,depression and psychoses, for example schizophrenia, and learning andmemory disorders, for example attention deficit disorders and autism.

Accordingly, the compounds of the present invention have utility intreating a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders associatedwith glutamatergic neurotransmission dysfunction, including one or moreof the following conditions or diseases: schizophrenia or psychosisincluding schizophrenia (paranoid, disorganized, catatonic orundifferentiated), schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder,delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychoticdisorder, psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition andsubstance-induced or drug-induced (phencyclidine, ketamine and otherdissociative anaesthetics, amphetamine and other psychostimulants andcocaine) psychosispsychotic disorder, psychosis associated withaffective disorders, brief reactive psychosis, schizoaffectivepsychosis, “schizophrenia-spectrum” disorders such as schizoid orschizotypal personality disorders, or illness associated with psychosis(such as major depression, manic depressive (bipolar) disorder,Alzheimer's disease and post-traumatic stress syndrome), including boththe positive and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and otherpsychoses; cognitive disorders including dementia (associated withAlzheimer's disease, ischemia, multi-infarct dementia, trauma, vascularproblems or stroke, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Pick'sdisease, Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, perinatal hypoxia, other generalmedical conditions or substance abuse); delirium, amnestic disorders orage related cognitive decline; anxiety disorders including acute stressdisorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder,obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attack, panic disorder,post-traumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder, socialphobia, specific phobia, substance-induced anxiety disorder and anxietydue to a general medical condition; substance-related disorders andaddictive behaviors (including substance-induced delirium, persistingdementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder or anxietydisorder; tolerance, dependence or withdrawal from substances includingalcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, inhalants,nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, hypnotics or anxiolytics);bipolar disorders, mood disorders including depressive disorders;depression including unipolar depression, seasonal depression andpost-partum depression, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrualdysphoric, disorder (PDD), mood disorders due to a general medicalcondition, and substance-induced mood disorder; learning disorders,pervasive developmental disorder including autistic disorder, attentiondisorders including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) andconduct disorder; NMDA receptor-related disorders such as autism,depression, benign forgetfulness, childhood learning disorders andclosed head injury; movement disorders, including akinesias andakinetic-rigid syndromes (including Parkinson's disease, drug-inducedparkinsonism, postencephalitic parkinsonism, progressive I supranuclearpalsy, multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration,parkinsonism-ALS dementia complex and basal ganglia calcification),medication-induced parkinsonism (such as neuroleptic-inducedparkinsonism, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, neuroleptic-induced acutedystonia, neuroleptic-induced acute akathisia, neuroleptic-inducedtardive dyskinesia and medication-induced postural tremor), Gilles de laTourette's syndrome, epilepsy, muscular spasms and disorders associatedwith muscular spasticity or weakness including tremors; dyskinesias[including tremor (such as rest tremor, postural tremor and; intentiontremor), chorea (such as Sydenham's chorea, Huntington's disease, benignhereditary chorea, neuroacanthocytosis, symptomatic chorea, drug-inducedchorea and hemiballism), myoclonus (including generalized myoclonus andfocal myoclonus), tics (including simple tics, complex tics andsymptomatic tic s), and dystonia (including generalised dystonia such asiodiopathic dystonia, drug-induced dystonia, symptomatic dystonia andparoxymal dystonia, and focal dystonia such as blepharospasm,oromandibular dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, spasmodic torticollis,axial dystonia, dystonic writer's cramp and hemiplegic dystonia);urinary incontinence; neuronal damage including ocular damage,retinopathy or macular degeneration of the eye, tinnitus, hearingimpairment and loss, and brain edema; emesis; and sleep disordersincluding insomnia and narcolepsy.

Of the disorders above, the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolardisorder, depression including unipolar depression, seasonal depressionand post-partum depression, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrualdysphoric disorder (PDD), learning disorders, pervasive developmentaldisorder including autistic disorder, attention disorders includingAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, autistic disorders includingTourette's disorder, anxiety disorders including phobia and posttraumatic stress disorder, cognitive disorders associated with dementia,AIDS dementia, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's disease,spasticity, myoclonus, muscle spasm, tinnitus and hearing impairment andloss are of particular importance.

In a specific embodiment, the present invention provides a method fortreating cognitive disorders, comprising: administering to a patient inneed thereof an effective amount of a compound of the present invention.Particular cognitive disorders are dementia, delirium, amnesticdisorders and age related cognitive decline. At present, the textrevision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manualof Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000, American Psychiatric Association,Washington D.C.) provides a diagnostic tool that includes cognitivedisorders including dementia, delirium, amnestic disorders andage-related cognitive decline. As used herein, the term “cognitivedisorders” includes treatment of those mental disorders as described inDSM-IV-TR. The skilled artisan will recognize that there are alternativenomenclatures, nosologies and classification systems for mentaldisorders, and that these systems evolve with medical and scientificprogress. Thus the term “cognitive disorders” is intended to includelike disorders that are described in other diagnostic sources.

In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides a methodfor treating anxiety disorders, comprising: administering to a patientin need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the presentinvention. Particular anxiety disorders are generalized anxietydisorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic attack. At present,the text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic andStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000, AmericanPsychiatric Association, Washington D.C.) provides a diagnostic toolthat includes anxiety disorders are generalized anxiety disorder,obsessive-compulsive disorder and panic attack. As used herein, the term“anxiety disorders” includes treatment of those mental disorders asdescribed in DSM-IV-TR. The skilled artisan will recognize that thereare alternative nomenclatures, nosologies and classification systems formental disorders, and that these systems evolve with medical andscientific progress. Thus the term ‘anxiety disorders” is intended toinclude like disorders that are described in other diagnostic sources.

In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides a methodfor treating schizophrenia or psychosis comprising: administering to apatient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the presentinvention. Particular schizophrenia or psychosis pathologies areparanoid, disorganized, catatonic or undifferentiated schizophrenia andsubstance-induced psychotic disorder. At present, the text revision ofthe fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000, American Psychiatric Association,Washington D.C.) provides a diagnostic tool that includes paranoid,disorganized, catatonic or undifferentiated schizophrenia andsubstance-induced psychotic disorder. As used herein, the term“schizophrenia or psychosis” includes treatment of those mentaldisorders as described in DSM-IV-TR. The skilled artisan will recognizethat there are alternative nomenclatures, nosologies and classificationsystems for mental disorders, and that these systems evolve with medicaland scientific progress. Thus the term “schizophrenia or psychosis” isintended to include like disorders that are described in otherdiagnostic sources.

In another specific embodiment, the present invention provides a methodfor treating substance-related disorders and addictive behaviors,comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof an effectiveamount of a compound of the present invention. Particularsubstance-related disorders and addictive behaviors are persistingdementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder or anxietydisorder induced by substance abuse, and tolerance of, dependence on orwithdrawal, from substances of abuse. At present, the text revision ofthe fourth edition of the Diagnostic; Statistical Manual of MentalDisorders (DSM-IV-TR) (2000, American Psychiatric Association,Washington D.C.) provides a diagnostic tool that includes persistingdementia, persisting amnestic disorder, psychotic disorder or anxietydisorder induced by substance abuse; and tolerance of, dependence on orwithdrawal from substances of abuse. As used herein, the term“substance-related disorders and addictive behaviors” includes treatmentof those mental disorders as described in DSM-IV TR. The skilled artisanwill recognize that there are alternative nomenclatures, nosologies andclassification systems for mental disorders, and that these systemsevolve with medical arid scientific progress. Thus the term“substance-related disorders and addictive behaviors” is intended toinclude like disorders that are described in other diagnostic sources.

Testing

The GlyT1 inhibitory activity of the compounds of the present inventioncan be tested using the in vitro and in vivo assays described in workingExample 1 below.

Administration and Pharmaceutical Composition

In general, the compounds of this invention will be administered in atherapeutically effective amount by any of the accepted modes ofadministration for agents that serve similar utilities. Therapeuticallyeffective amounts of compounds of Formula (I) may range from about 0.01to about 500 mg per kg patient body weight per day, which can beadministered in single or multiple doses. Preferably, the dosage levelwill be about 0.1 to about 250 mg/kg per day; more preferably about 0.5to about 100 mg/kg per day. A suitable dosage level may be about 0.01 toabout 250 mg/kg per day, about 0.05 to about 100 mg/kg per day, or about0.1 to about 50 mg/kg per day. Within this range the dosage can be about0.05 to about 0.5, about 0.5 to about 5 or about 5 to about 50 mg/kg perday. For oral administration, the compositions are preferably providedin the form of tablets containing about 1.0 to about 1000 milligrams ofthe active ingredient, particularly about 1.0, 5.0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 50,75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 750, 800, 900, and 1000milligrams of the active ingredient. The actual amount of the compoundof this invention, i.e., the active ingredient, will depend uponnumerous factors such as the severity of the disease to be treated, theage and relative health of the subject, the potency of the compoundutilized, the route and form of administration, and other factors.

In general, compounds of this invention will be administered aspharmaceutical compositions by any one of the following routes: oral,systemic (e.g., transdermal, intranasal or by suppository), orparenteral (e.g., intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous)administration. The preferred manner of administration is oral using aconvenient daily dosage regimen, which can be adjusted according to thedegree of affliction. Compositions can take the form of tablets, pills,capsules, semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations,solutions, suspensions, elixirs, aerosols, or any other appropriatecompositions.

The choice of formulation depends on various factors such as the mode ofdrug administration (e.g., for oral administration, formulations in theform of tablets, pills or capsules are preferred) and thebioavailability of the drug substance. Recently, pharmaceuticalformulations have been developed especially for drugs that show poorbioavailability based upon the principle that bioavailability can beincreased by increasing the surface area i.e., decreasing particle size.For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,107,288 describes a pharmaceuticalformulation having particles in the size range from 10 to 1,000 nm inwhich the active material is supported on a crosslinked matrix ofmacromolecules. U.S. Pat. No. 5,145,684 describes the production of apharmaceutical formulation in which the drug substance is pulverized tonanoparticles (average particle size of 400 nm) in the presence of asurface modifier and then dispersed in a liquid medium to give apharmaceutical formulation that exhibits remarkably highbioavailability.

The compositions are comprised of in general, a compound of formula (I)in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.Acceptable excipients are non-toxic, aid administration, and do notadversely affect the therapeutic benefit of the compound of formula (I).Such excipient may be any solid, liquid, semi-solid or, in the case ofan aerosol composition, gaseous excipient that is generally available toone of skill in the art.

Solid pharmaceutical excipients include starch, cellulose, talc,glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silicagel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, sodiumchloride, dried skim milk and the like. Liquid and semisolid excipientsmay be selected from glycerol, propylene glycol, water, ethanol andvarious oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable orsynthetic origin, e.g., peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesameoil, etc. Preferred liquid carriers, particularly for injectablesolutions, include water, saline, aqueous dextrose, and glycols.

Compressed gases may be used to disperse a compound of this invention inaerosol form. Inert gases suitable for this purpose are nitrogen, carbondioxide, etc.

Other suitable pharmaceutical excipients and their formulations aredescribed in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, edited by E. W. Martin(Mack Publishing Company, 18th ed., 1990).

The level of the compound in a formulation can vary within the fullrange employed by those skilled in the art. Typically, the formulationwill contain, on a weight percent (wt %) basis, from about 0.01-99.99 wt% of a compound of formula (I) based on the total formulation, with thebalance being one or more suitable pharmaceutical excipients.Preferably, the compound is present at a level of about 1-80 wt %.

The compounds of the present invention may be used in combination withone or more other drugs in the treatment of diseases or conditions forwhich compounds of the present invention or the other drugs may haveutility, where the combination of the drugs together are safer or moreeffective than either drug alone. Such other drug(s) may beadministered, by a route and in an amount commonly used therefor,contemporaneously or sequentially with a compound of the presentinvention. When a compound of the present invention is usedcontemporaneously with one or more other drugs, a pharmaceuticalcomposition in unit dosage form containing such other drugs and thecompound of the present invention is preferred. However, the combinationtherapy may also include therapies in which the compound of the presentinvention and one or more other drugs are administered on differentoverlapping schedules. It is also contemplated that when used incombination with one or more other active ingredients, the compounds ofthe present invention and the other active ingredients may be used inlower doses than when each is used singly.

Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present inventionalso include those that contain one or more other active ingredients, inaddition to a compound of the present invention.

The above combinations include combinations of a compound of the presentinvention not only with one other active compound, but also with two ormore other active compounds. Likewise, compounds of the presentinvention may be used in combination with other drugs that are used inthe prevention, treatment, control, amelioration, or reduction of riskof the diseases or conditions for which compounds of the presentinvention are useful. Such other drugs may be administered, by a routeand in an amount commonly used therefor, contemporaneously orsequentially with a compound of the present invention. When a compoundof the present invention is used contemporaneously with one or moreother drugs, a pharmaceutical composition containing such other drugs inaddition to the compound of the present invention is preferred.Accordingly, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present inventionalso include those that also contain one or more other activeingredients, in addition to a compound of the present invention. Theweight ratio of the compound of the present invention to the secondactive ingredient may be varied and will depend upon the effective doseof each ingredient. Generally, an effective dose of each will be used.

In one embodiment, the compound of the present invention may beadministered in combination with anti-Alzheimer's agents, beta-secretaseinhibitors, gamma-secretase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors,NSAID's including ibuprofen, vitamin E, and anti-amyloid antibodies. Inanother embodiment, the compound of the present invention may beadministered in combination with sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics,antipsychotics, antianxiety agents, cyclopyrrolones, imidazopyridines,pyrazolopyrimidines, minor tranquilizers, melatonin agonists andantagonists, melatonergic agents, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, 5HT-2antagonists, PDE10 antagonists, and the like, such as: adinazolam,allobarbital, alonimid, alprazolam, amisulpride, amitriptyline,amobarbital, amoxapine, aripiprazole, bentazepam, benzoctamine,brotizolam, bupropion, busprione, butabarbital, butalbital, capuride,carbocloral, chloral betaine, chloral hydrate, clomipramine, clonazepam,cloperidone, clorazepate, chlordiazepoxide, clorethate, chlorpromazine,clozapine, cyprazepam, desipramine, dexclamol, diazepam,dichloralphenazone, divalproex, diphenhydramine, doxepin, estazolam,ethchlorvynol, etomidate, fenobam, flunitrazepam, flupentixol,fluphenazine, flurazepam, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, fosazepam,glutethimide, halazepam, haloperidol, hydroxyzine, imipramine, lithium,lorazopam, lormetazepam, maprotiline, mecloqualone, melatonin,mephobarbital, meprobamate, methaqualone, midaflur, midazolam,nefazodone, nisobamate, nitrazopam, nortriptyline, olanzapine, oxazepam,paraldehyde, paroxetine, pentobarbital, perlapine, perphenazine,phenelzine, phenobarbital, prazepam, promethazine, propofol,protriptyline, quazepam, quetiapine, reclazepam, risperidone,roletamide, secobarbital, sertraline, suproclone, temazopam,thioridazine, thiothixene, tracazolate, kanylcypromaine, trazodone,triazolam, trepipam, tricetamide, triclofos, trifluoperazine,trimetozine, trimipramine, uldazepam, venlafaxine, zaleplon,ziprasidone, zolazepam, zolpidem, and salts thereof, and combinationsthereof

In another embodiment, the compound of the present invention may beadministered in combination with levodopa (with or without a selectiveextracerebral decarboxylase inhibitor such as carbidopa or benserazide),anticholinergics such as biperiden (optionally as its hydrochloride orlactate salt) and trihexyphenidyl (benzhexol) hydrochloride, COMTinhibitors such as entacapone, MOA-B inhibitors, antioxidants, A2aadenosine receptor antagonists, cholinergic agonists, NMDA receptorantagonists, serotonin receptor antagonists and dopamine receptoragonists such as alentemol, bromocriptine, fenoldopam, lisuride,naxagolide, pergolide and prarnipexole. It will be appreciated that thedopamine agonist may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, for example, alentemol hydrobromide, bromocriptine mesylate,fenoldopam mesylate, naxagolide hydrochloride and pergolide mesylate.Lisuride and pramipexol are commonly used in a non-salt form.

In another embodiment, the compound of the present invention may beadministered in combination with a compound from the phenothiazine,thioxanthene, heterocyclic dibenzazepine, butyrophenone,diphenylbutylpiperidine and indolone classes of neuroleptic agent.Suitable examples of phenothiazines include chlorpromazine,mesoridazine, thioridazine, acetophenazine, fluphenazine, perphenazineand trifluoperazine. Suitable examples of thioxanthenes includechlorprothixene and thiothixene. An example of a dibenzazepine isclozapine. An example of a butyrophenone is haloperidol. An example of adiphenylbutylpiperidine is pimozide. An example of an indolone ismolindolone. Other neuroleptic agents include loxapine, sulpiride andrisperidone. It will be appreciated that the neuroleptic agents whenused in combination with the subject compound may be in the form of apharmaceutically acceptable salt, for example, chlorpromazinehydrochloride, mesoridazine besylate, thioridazine hydrochloride,acetophenazine maleate, fluphenazine hydrochloride, flurphenazineenathate, fluphenazine decanoate, trifluoperazine hydrochloride,thiothixene hydrochloride, haloperidol decanoate, loxapine succinate andmolindone hydrochloride. Perphenazine, chlorprothixene, clozapine,haloperidol, pimozide and risperidone are commonly used in a non-saltform. Thus, the compound of the present invention may be administered incombination with acetophenazine, alentemol, aripiprazole, amisulpride,benzhexol, bromocriptine, biperiden, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene,clozapine, diazepam, fenoldopam, fluphenazine, haloperidol, levodopa,levodopa with benserazide, levodopa with carbidopa, lisuride, loxapine,mesoridazine, molindolone, naxagolide, olanzapine, pergolide,perphenazine, pimozide, pramipexole, quetiapine, risperidone, sulpiride,tetrabenazine, trihexyphenidyl, thioridazine, thiothixene,trifluoperazine or ziprasidone.

In another embodiment, the compound of the present invention may beadministered in combination with an anti-depressant or anti-anxietyagent, including norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (including tertiaryamine tricyclics and secondary amine tricyclics), selective serotoninreuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (RIMAs), serotonin andnoradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNR1s), corticotropin releasingfactor (CRF) antagonists, adrenoreceptor antagonists, neurokinin-1receptor antagonists, atypical anti-depressants, benzodiazopines, 5-HTAagonists or antagonists, especially 5-HTA partial agonists, andcorticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonists. Specific agentsinclude: amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine andtrimipramine; amoxapine, desipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline andprotriptyline; fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine and sertraline;isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine and selegiline; moclobemide,venlafaxine; duloxetine; aprepitant; bupropion, lithium, nefazodone,trazodone and viloxazine; alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazopam,chlorazepate, diazopam, halazepam, lorazepam, oxazopam and prazepam;buspirone, flesinoxan, gepirone and ipsapirone, and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof

EXAMPLES

The following preparations of compounds of Formula (I) and intermediates(References) are given to enable those skilled in the art to moreclearly understand and to practice the present invention. They shouldnot be considered as limiting the scope of the invention, but merely asbeing illustrative and representative thereof

Synthetic Examples Reference A Synthesis of1-(chloro(phenyl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

To a solution of 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzhydrol (5 mL, 20 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂(10 mL) was added dropwise thionyl chloride (3 mL, 41 mmol) at rt. Thereaction was stirred at 50° C. for 18 h, concentrated under vacuum,azeotroped with toluene and dried under vacuum to give the titlecompound (4.9 g, 89% yield) as oil, which was used in the next stepwithout further purification. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 235.0 (M-HCl).

Using the methodology described above,1-(chloro(phenyl)methyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-benzene was prepared.

Reference B Synthesis of (3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanol

To a solution of 3-bromobenzophenone (1.00 g, 4 mmol) in MeOH (15 mL)was added sodium borohydride (0.3 mL, 8 mmol) portionwise at rt and thesuspension was stirred at rt for 1-24 h. The reaction was diluted slowlywith water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washedsuccessively with water, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated togive the title compound as oil (0.8 g, 79%), which was used in the nextreaction without further purification. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 247.1(M-OH).

Using the methodology described above, (2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanol,(4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanol, andphenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol were prepared.

Alternative Synthesis

To a solution of 3-bromobenzaldehyde (15.6 g, 84 mmol) in THF (60 mL)was added 3.0M phenylmagnesium bromide solution in diethyl ether (18 mL,101 mmol) dropwise at −78° C. from a dropping funnel and the reactionwas stirred at −78° C. or rt. After stirring for 4 h at −78° C. or rt,the reaction mixture was diluted with saturated NH₄Cl solution andextracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layers were combined, washed withsaturated NaCl solution, then dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. Thecrude product was purified by ISC

Reference C Synthesis of1-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazine

To a solution of phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol (10.0 g, 39.6mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) was added thionyl chloride (5.78 mL, 79.3 mmol)dropwise at rt. After the addition, the reaction was warmed to 40° C.for 18 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was driedunder vacuum pump for 1 h. The residue was dissolved in CH₃CN and addedto a solution of piperazine (13.7 g, 159 mmol) in CH₃CN and heated to100° C. for 12 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo, the residuedissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) and washed with 1N NaOH (150 mL). Theorganic layer was dried with K₂CO₃ or Na₂SO₄, filtered, andconcentrated. The crude product1-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-methyl)piperazine (10.8 g, 85.0%yield) an oil was used without further purification or can be purifiedby ISCO flash chromatography using 0-15% 2N NH3 methanol solution inCH₂Cl₂. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 321.1 (M+1).

Using a method similar to the synthesis of1-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)-methyl)-piperazine,1-((2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazine and1-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)-methyl)piperazine were prepared.

Reference D Synthesis of(3R)-3-methyl-1-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-methyl)piperazine

To a solution of (R)-(−)-2-methylpiperazine (2.2 g, 22 mmol) in CH₃CN(20 mL) was added 1-(chloro(phenyl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene(2.0 g, 7.4 mmol) and heated to 100° C. for 12 h and concentrated undervacuum. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) and washed with 1NNaOH (150 mL). The organic layer was dried with K₂CO₃ or Na₂SO₄,filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by ISCO using0-20% 2N NH₃/MeOH solution in CH₂Cl₂ to give the title compound (2.00 g,81% yield) as oil. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 335.1 (M+1).

Using a method similar to the synthesis of(3R)-3-methyl-1-(phenyl(3-(trifluoro-methyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazine,(3R)-1-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-3-methyl-piperazine and1-(phenyl(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazine were prepared.

Reference E Synthesis of tert-butyl2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate

To a solution of 1-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazine(10.0 g, 31 mmol) in acetonitrile (60 mL) was added tert-butylbromoacetate (6.1 mL, 31 mmol) dropwise from a syringe. The reactionmixture was stirred at rt for 5 min. and triethylamine (11 mL, 78 mmol)was added. Water was added after 18 h followed by CH₂Cl₂. The layerswere separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and thecombined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, andconcentrated. The crude product was purified by ISCO using 0-80% EtOAcin hexanes to give the title compound (9.1 g, 67% yield) as brown oilthat solidified on standing. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 435.2 (M+1).

Alternate Synthesis:

To a solution of 1-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazine(1.70 g, 5.3 mmol) in acetonitirle (20 mL) was added methyl2-bromoacetate (0.49 mL, 5.3 mmol) dropwise at rt. The reaction wasstirred for 30 min and triethylamine (2.2 mL, 16 mmol) added. Afterstirring for 18 hours at rt the reaction was diluted with water andextracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layers were combined and washed withsaturated NaCl solution, then dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. Thecrude product was purified by ISCO using 0-40% ethyl acetate or 0-2%ethyl acetate in CH₂Cl₂ to give the title compound (1.0 g, 48% yield).MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 393.2 (M+1).

Using a method similar to the synthesis of tert-butyl2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate,the following compounds were prepared:

tert-butyl2-(4-((3,5-dichlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate;

tert-butyl 2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate;

tert-butyl 2-(4-((2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate;

tert-butyl2-((R)-2-methyl-4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate;

tert-butyl2-((R)-4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetate;

tert-butyl2-(4-(phenyl(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate;and

tert-butyl 2-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)acetate.

REFERENCE F Synthesis of tert-butyl2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate

Method 1

To a solution of (3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methanol (0.64 g, 2 mmol) indichloroethane (5 mL) was added thionyl chloride (0.4 mL, 5 mmol) andthe reaction was stirred for 18 h, concentrated and added to tert-butylpiperazin-1-yl-acetate dihydrochloride (0.7 g, 2 mmol) and DIEA (2 mL,12 mmol) in aceonitrile (10 mL). After stirring for 18 hours at 100° C.,the reaction was diluted with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Theorganic layers were combined, washed with saturated NaCl solution, thendried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The crude product was purified byISCO using 0-50% EtOAc in haxanes to give the title product (0.3 g, 28%yield). MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 447.2.2 (M+2).

Proceeding as described above, tert-butyl2-(4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetate wasprepared.

Method 2

Using the method described for tert-butyl2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)-methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetate,the title compound was synthesized with1-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)-methyl)piperazine (6.8 g, 21 mmol) andtert-butyl bromoacetate (3.3 mL, 21 mmol).

Reference G Synthesis of (R) and (S)-methyl2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-methyl)piperazin-1-yl)-acetate

To a solution of 1-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazine(2.0 g, 6 mmol) in acetonitrile (20 mL) was added methyl bromoacetate(0.59 mL, 6 mmol) dropwise at rt. The reaction was stirred for 30 min.and triethylamine (3.6 mL, 26 mmol) was added. After stirring for 18 hat rt, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted withCH₂Cl₂. The organic layers were combined, washed with saturated NaClsolution, then dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The crude productwas purified by ISCO using 0-40% ethyl acetate or 0-2% ethyl acetate inCH₂Cl₂ to give a mixture of enantiomers (2.0 g, 80%). The enantiomerswere separated by chiral chromatography as described below and two peakswere collected with ˜100% ee.

Instrumentation and Conditions for Analytical SFC:

The Analytical SFC was a Berger SFC unit with an FCM 1200 flow controlmodule, a dual pump control module and a TCM 2100 thermal column module,a column selection valve and a solvent control valve. The SFC wasequipped with an Agilent 1100 photodiode array detector with a highpressure flow cell. The auto sampler unit was a HTC PAL (LeapTechnologies). A Waters ZQ bench top single quadrupole mass spectrometerwith atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source was coupledto the analytical SFC system. The software used in the analyses wasBerger MassWare v 4.01 and MassLynx v 4.0 SP 1. The analytical packedcolumn used was Chiralcel OJ-H (Chrial Technologies, 4.6 mm×150 mm, 5μm). Mobile phase consisted of 95% carbon dioxide and 5% methanol. Totalflow rate was 4.0 ml/min, oven temperature was 40° C.

Sample Prep for Preparative SFC

600 mg of a mixture of (R) and (5)-methyl2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-methyl)piperazin-1-yl)-acetateobtained above, was taken up in 5 ml of methanol and 5 ml ofdimethoxyethyleneglycol(DME) and then added 40 ml of methanol, filteredthrough 0.45 um PTFE syringe filters before injection.

Instrumentation and Conditions for Prep SFC:

The preparative SFC was a Berger MultiGram II. The components were theSeparator Control Module (SCM)-2500, Electronics Control Module(ECM)-2500, Carbon dioxide Solvent Delivery Module, Direct Expansionprobe Chiller, UV Variable Wavelength Detector, and Cavro XL 3000Modular Digital Pump (injector). Equipment was from Mettler-ToledoAutochem (Newark, Del.). The software in the purification was Berger SFCPronTo v1.5.305.15. The preparative packed column used were twoChiralcel OJH (Chiral Technologies, 21 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) linearly coupledtogether. Mobile phase consisted of liquid carbon dioxide (A) andmethanol (B). The method was isocratic with a ratio of 92:8 of A: B.Total flow rate was 60 ml/min. Oven and column temperatures were about40° C. The above sample was injected every 224 seconds during theisocratic run. The first peak 0.8 g is the (5) isomer and the secondpeak 0.9 g is the (R) isomer. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 393.1 (M+1).

Example 1 Synthesis of (S)-2-(4-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid dihydrochloride

Step 1

A mixture of chlorodiphenylmethane (404 mg, 1.993 mmol) and(S)-(+)-2-methyl-piperazine (599 mg, 5980 μmol) in 2.5 mL of MeCN washeated at 140° C. under microwave irradiation for 30 min. The solventwas evaporated and the solid residue was submitted to columnchromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc to EtOAc/2M NH₃ in MeOH=100:20) to give amixture of two regioisomers (S)-1-benzhydryl-3-methylpiperazine and(S)-1-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazine as a white solid. The mixture of thetwo products was directly used in the next step.

Step 2

To a solution of a mixture of (S)-1-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazine and(S)-1-benzhydryl-3-methylpiperazine (490 mg, 1.839 mmol) in 25 mL ofMeCN was added tert-butyl bromoacetate (356 μl, 2.207 mmol), followed byslow addition of triethylamine (384 μl, 2759 μmol). The reaction mixturewas stirred at rt overnight. The solution was evaporated to dryness andthe residual was submitted to flash chromatography (SiO₂, DCM toDCM/EtOAc=100:3 to 100:5 to 100:10) to give (S)-tert-butyl2-(4-benzhydryl-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetate as a colorless oil and(S)-tert-butyl 2-(4-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetate as acolorless oil.

Step 3

A solution of (S)-tert-butyl2-(4-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetate (340 mg, 894 μmol) in 3mL of 1,4-dioxane and 1 mL of concentrated HCl solution (37%) wasstirred at rt overnight. The solvent was evaporated to dryness and theresidue was crashed out of ether to give(S)-2-(4-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid dihydrochlorideas a white solid. MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 325 (M+1).

The following compounds were prepared by proceeding as described inExample 1 above.

(S)-2-(4-benzhydryl-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid dihydrochloride;MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 325 (M+1);

(R)-2-(4-benzhydryl-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid dihydrochloride;MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 325 (M+1);

(R)-2-(4-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid dihydrochloride;MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 325 (M+1);

-   (S)-2-((R)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic    acid;-   (R)-2-((R)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic    acid;-   (S)-2-((R)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoic    acid;-   2-((2R,6S)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2,6-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid;-   2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2,2-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid; and

a mixture of 2-((2R,5S)-4-benzhydryl-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid dihydrochloride and2-((2S,5R)-4-benzhydryl-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic aciddihydrochloride MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 339 (M+1).

Example 2 Synthesis of2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid

Method A

A solution of tert-butyl2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetate(9.3 g, 21 mmol) in TFA (25 mL, 337 mmol) was stirred at 60° C. for 6 h.The reaction mixture was concentrated and the crude product purified bySCX column eluting with MeOH then 2N NH₃ in MeOH solution to give thetitle compound as a racemate (4.8 g, 59%). MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 379.1(M+1).

Method B

A solution of methyl2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate(0.86 g, 2 mmol) and 5N sodium hydroxide (0.1 mL, 4 mmol) in MeOH (20mL) was heated to 70° C. for 1 h. After removal of solvent under reducedpressure, the residue was diluted with water, acidified to pH 4 with 1NHCl, and then extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washed withbrine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated. The crude product waspurified by ISCO eluting with 0-15% MeOH in dichloromethane to give thetitle compound (0.7 g, 84% yield). MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 379.1 (M+1).

Using synthesis similar to the synthesis of2-(4-(phenyl(3(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)-methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid in Method A,

2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 389.1 (M+);

2-(4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 389.1 (M+);

2-(4-((3,5-dichlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid MS(ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 379.0 (M+1); and

2-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 311.1(M+1) were prepared.

Using synthesis similar to the synthesis of2-(4-(phenyl(3(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)-methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid in Method B,(R)-2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 379.1 (M+1 and(S)-2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 379.1 (M+1) were prepared.

Example 3 Synthesis of2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid

To a solution of tert-butyl2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate (2.0 g, 4mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added 4N HCl solution in 1,4-dioxane (30mL, 823 mmol) followed by concentrated HCl (2.0 mL, 55 mmol). Thereaction was stirred at 50° C. for 6 h and concentrated under vacuum.The crude product was purified by SCX column eluting with methanol then2N NH₃ in MeOH solution to give the title compound as a racemate (1.62g, 93%). MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 389.1 (M+).

Example 4 Synthesis of2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic aciddihydrochloride

To a solution of tert-butyl2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate (1.0 g, 2mmol) in dioxane (10 mL) was added 4N HCl solution in 1,4-dioxane (20mL, 549 mmol) followed by concentrated HCl (1.0 mL, 27 mmol). Thereaction was stirred at 50° C. for 6 h and concentrated under vacuum.The crude product was triturated with EtOAc or diethyl ether, filtered,and dried to give the title compound (0.8 g, 77% yield). MS (ESI, pos.ion) m/z: 345.1 (M+1-2HCl).

Using a method similar to the synthesis of2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)-methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetic aciddihydrochloride the following compounds:

2-((R)-4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid dihydrochloride MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 403.1 (M+)-2HCl;

2-((R)-2-methyl-4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)-aceticacid dihydrochloride MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 393.1 (M+1)-2HCl;

2-(4-((2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic aciddihydrochloride MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 390.1 (M+1)-2HCl; and

2-(4-(phenyl(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic aciddihydrochloride MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 379.1 (M+1)-2HCl; were prepared.

Example 5 Synthesis of2-(4-(bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic aciddihydrochloride

Step 1

To a solution of 3,3′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzophenone (11.4 g, 36 mmol)in MeOH (50 mL) was added sodium borohydride (1.9 ml, 53 mmol)portionwise at rt. The suspension was stirred at rt for 24 h. Thereaction was diluted slowly with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. Theorganic was washed successively with water, brine, dried over Na₂SO₄,and concentrated to give bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol (10.8 g,94% yield). The crude oil was used in the next reaction without furtherpurification.

Step 2

To a solution of bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol (1.1 g, 3.4mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) was added dropwise thionyl chloride (0.50 ml,6.9 mmol) at rt. The reaction was stirred at 50° C. for 4 h,concentrated under vacuum, azeotroped with toluene, and dried undervacuum to give crude chlorobis(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methane. Thecrude chlorobis(3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)methane was added to asolution of piperazine (0.81 ml, 10 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL),heated to 100° C. for 18 h and concentrated under vacuum. The residuewas dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) and washed with 1N NaOH (150 mL). Theorganic layer was dried with K₂CO₃, filtered, and concentrated to give1-(bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)methyl)piperazine. The crude1-(bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-methyl)piperazine was dissolved inacetonitrile (10 mL) and tert-butyl bromoacetate (0.55 mL, 3.4 mmol) andtriethylamine (0.96 ml, 6.9 mmol) was added. The solution was stirredfor 4 h, diluted with water, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organiclayer was washed with saturated NaCl solution, then dried over Na₂SO₄,and concentrated. The crude product was purified by ISCO using 0-50%EtOAc in haxanes to give tert-butyl2-(4-(bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)-phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate (0.86g, 50% yield). MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 503.1 (M+1), which was thenconverted to the title compound by proceeding as described in Example 4above.

Example 6 Synthesis of2-(4-((3-biphenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic aciddihydrochloride

A mixture of tert-butyl2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate (0.31 g, 0.70mmol), phenylboronic acid (0.085 g, 0.70 mmol), sodium carbonatemonohydrate (0.077 ml, 1.4 mmol), andtetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) (0.80 g, 0.70 mmol) in dioxane(4 mL) and water (2 mL) was heated at 120° C. under microwaveirradiation for 20 min. The reaction was diluted with water andextracted with CH₂Cl₂. The organic layer was washed with saturated NaClsolution, then dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The crude product waspurified by ISCO using 0-50% EtOAc in hexanes to give tert-butyl2-(4-((3-biphenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetate (0.28 g, 91%yield). MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 443.2 (M+1), which was then converted tothe title compound by proceeding as described in Example 4 above.

Proceeding as described in Example 6 above, but substituting tert-butyl2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate withtert-butyl2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-(3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetateand phenylboronic acid with thien-2-ylboronic acid provided 2-tert-butyl((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetatewhich was converted to2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid as described in Example 4 above.

Proceeding as described in Example 6 above, but substituting tert-butyl2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate with2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-(4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetateand treating it with phenylboronic acid, 2-methylphenylboronic acid,3-methylphenylboronic acid and 4-methylphenylboronic acid providedtert-butyl((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-(4-biphenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetate,tert-butyl((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-(4-(2-methylphenyl)phenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetate,tert butyl((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-(4-(3-methylphenyl)phenyl)-(phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetate,and tert-butyl((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-(4-(4-methylphenyl)phenyl)-(phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetaterespectively, which were converted to[(R)-4-((R)-biphenyl-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-aceticacid;[(R)-2-methyl-4-[(R)-(2′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-aceticacid;[(R)-2-methyl-4-[(R)-(3′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-aceticacid; and[(R)-2-methyl-4-[(R)-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-aceticacid, respectively, as described in Example 4 above.

Example 7 Synthesis of2-((R)-4-(cyclopropyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid

Step 1

To 3-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde (3.48 g, 20 mmol) (azeotroped withbenzene) at 0° C. was added cyclopropylmagnesium bromide (0.5 M in THF,24 mmol) dropwise and the resulting solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1h. The reaction mixture was quenched with aq. NH₄Cl, extracted withether, washed with water, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated todryness. Column chromatography (SiO₂, hexane to DCM/hexane=1:1 to pureDCM) afforded (3-bromophenyl)(cyclopropyl)methanol as a yellow oil.

Step 2

To neat cyclopropyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol (3.00 g, 13.9mmol) at rt was slowly added thionyl chloride (1.52 ml, 20.8 mmol) andthe resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Theexcess reagent was removed by azeotroping with toluene and crude1-(chloro-(cyclopropyl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene was furtherdried under high vacuum and used directly in the next step.

Step 3

A mixture of 1-(chloro(cyclopropyl)methyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene(2.5 g, 11 mmol) and (R)-2-methylpiperazine (3.2 g, 32 mmol) in 30 mL ofMeCN was heated at 90° C. overnight. The solvent was evaporated and thesolid residue was submitted to column chromatography (SiO₂, EtOAc toEtOAc/2M NH₃ in MeOH=100:20) to give crude(2R)-1-(cyclopropyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazine(3.15 g) which was directly used in next step.

Step 4

To a solution of crude(2R)-1-(cyclopropyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazine(3.15 g, 105.6 mmol) in 25 mL of MeCN was added tert-butyl bromoacetate(2.046 ml, 12.67 mmol), followed by slow addition of triethylamine(2.203 ml, 15.837 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at rtovernight. The solution was evaporated to dryness and the residue wassubmitted to flash chromatography (SiO₂, hexane to hexane/EtOAc=100:5 to100:10 to 100:30) to give tert-butyl2-((R)-4-(cyclopropyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetateas a colorless oil.

Step 5

To tert-butyl2-((R)-4-(cyclopropyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetate(350 mg, 0.849 mmol) in 150 mL flask was added 3 mL of 37% HCl and theresulting solution was stirred at 50° C. for 3 h. After HPLC-MS showedcomplete conversion, the solvent was evaporated to dryness under highvacuum to give2-((R)-4-(cyclopropyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid dihydrochloride (290 mg, 79.6% yield) as a white solid. MS (ESI,pos. ion) m/z: 357 (M+1).

Proceeding as described in Example 7 above, but substitutingcyclopropylmagnesium bromide with thiophen-2-ylmagnesium bromideprovided2-((R)-2-methyl-4-(thiophen-2-yl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid MS (ESI, pos. ion) m/z: 399 (M+1).

2-((R)-2-Methyl-4-(thiophen-2-yl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid was then separated into2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-thiophen-2-yl-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid and2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-thiophen-2-yl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid diastereomers.

Example 8 Synthesis of2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-oxopiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid

Step 1

To a solution of chlorobis(4-chlorophenyl)methane (407 mg, 1.5 mmol) inMeCN was added piperazin-2-one (601 mg, 6.0 mmol) followed bytriethylamine (626 μl, 4.5 mmol) and the resulting mixture was refluxedovernight. After cooling to rt, the solvent was evaporated to drynessand the residue was submitted to column chromatography (SiO₂, DCM toDCM/MeOH=100:5) to give 4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)piperazin-2-one(420 mg) as a white solid.

Step 2

To a solution of 4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)piperazin-2-one (180 mg,537 μmol) in 10 mL of dry THF was added methyl 2-bromoacetate (60 μl,644 μmol), followed by sodium hydride, 60% dispersion in mineral oil (16μl, 644 μmol). After stirring rt overnight, the solvent was evaporatedto dryness and was directly submitted to column chromatography (SiO₂,hexane to hexane/EtOAc=100:5 to 100:10 to 100:20 to 100:30) to givemethyl 2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-oxopiperazin-1-yl)acetate (160mg) as a white solid.

Step 3

To a solution of methyl2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-oxopiperazin-1-yl)acetate (160 mg,393 μmol) in THF/MeOH/H₂O=5:5:1 (5.5 mL) was added lithium hydroxidemonohydrate (49.5 mg, 1.179 mmol) and the resulting solution was stirredovernight. The solvent was evaporated, diluted with water, adjusted topH=5 with 10% HCl, extracted with DCM, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered andevaporated to dryness under high vacuum. The residue was loaded ontoflash column (SiO₂, DCM to DCM/MeOH=100:5 to 100:10 to 100:15 to 100:20)to give 2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-oxopiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid(136 mg) as a white solid.

Example 9 Synthesis of2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl)-methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid

Step 1

A mixture of tert-butyl2-((R)-4-((S)-(4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)acetate(459 mg, 0.1 mmol, its preparation follows the general procedures ofReference G), 1-phenylethyne (0.137 ml, 1.249 mmol), tetrabutylammoniumfluoride trihydrate (946 mg, 2.997 mmol) anddichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(ii) (21.0 mg, 0.030 mmol) washeated at 80° C. under N₂ atmosphere for 1 h. The residue was subjectedto flash chromatography (SiO₂, hexane to hexane/EtOAc=100:10 to 100:15to 100:20) to give tert-butyl2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-phenyl(4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetate(460 mg) as a yellow oil.

Step 2

To a solution of tert-butyl2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-phenyl(4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl)-methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetate(320 mg, 0.666 mmol) in THF/MeOH/H₂O=5:5:1 (5.5 mL) was added lithiumhydroxide monohydrate (279 mg, 6.658 mmol) and the resulting solutionwas stirred overnight. The solvent was evaporated to dryness under highvacuum and the residue was diluted with water, adjusted pH=5, extractedwith DCM, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated to dryness. Theresidue was loaded onto flash column (SiO², DCM to DCM/MeOH=100:5 to100:10 to 100:15 to 100:20) to give2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-phenyl(4-(2-phenylethynyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid (240 mg) as a white solid.

Proceeding as described above the following compounds were synthesized:

-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(2-pyridin-3-ylethynyl)phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid; and-   2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(2-pyridin-4-ylethynyl)phenyl)methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)acetic    acid.

Biological Examples Example 1 Glycine Transporter 1 (GlyT1) Uptake Assay

In Vitro:

This cell-based assay measures the ability of test compounds to inhibitthe uptake of glycine by the glycine transporter type 1. Human placentalchoriocarcinoma (JAR) cells endogenously expressing human glycinetransporter type 1 (Gly-T1) were used for this assay. For uptake assays,JAR cells were cultured in 96-well cytostar T scintillating microplates(Amersham Biosciences) in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovineserum in the presence of penicillin (100 μg/ml) and streptomycin (100μg/ml). Cells were plated at a density of 4×10⁴ cells/well and grown at37° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ for 24 h.

Culture medium was removed from Cytostar plate and JAR cells wereincubated with 30 μl of Uptake buffer (120 mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1 mMCaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 10 mM Hepes, 5 mM alanine, pH 7.5) with or withoutcompound for 5 min. Then 30 μl of [¹⁴C] glycine (101 mCi/mmol, obtainedfrom Perkin Elmer) diluted in Uptake buffer was added to each well togive a final concentration of 5 μM. After incubation at room temperaturefor the desired time usually 1-2 h, sealed 96-well Cytostar plates werecounted on a TopCount (Packard). Nonspecific uptake of [¹⁴C] glycine wasdetermined in the presence of 10 μM cold ALX-5407 (Sigma).

IC₅₀ curves were generated from the raw data collected from the TopCountand fitted with a four-parameter logistic equation using in-house dataanalysis tool, Activity Base. The specific compounds of this inventionhad an IC₅₀ value of less than about 10 micromolar.

In approximate IC₅₀ value of a representative number of compounds ofFormula (I) in this assay is provided in the Table 9 below.

TABLE 9 Cpd # IC₅₀ (nM) Cpd # IC₅₀(nM) Cpd # IC₅₀ (nM) 1 79.1 30 0.93449 7.2 18 37.6 34 17.8 55A 1.5 20 1.51 38 0.98 75 4.32 21 217 39 2.7 7741.1 24 3.94 48 2.14 78 4.8 79 1190 82 2200 88 134In Vivo Assay:

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 grams) were treated with GlyT1inhibitor in Table 1, compound 3, in 2% hydroxypropyl-methycellluloseand 1% tween 80 in water at doses ranging between 1 and 100 mg/kg byoral gavage. Two hours after acute compound administration, CSF wascollected and subsequently analyzed for glycine content using HPLCcoupled to a fluorescent detector (ESA inc, Chelmsford Mass.). Basallevels of glycine in rat CSF were 0.5 ng/microliter of CSF or lower.

Formulation Examples

The following are representative pharmaceutical formulations containinga compound of Formula (I).

Tablet Formulation

The following ingredients are mixed intimately and pressed into singlescored tablets.

Quantity per Ingredient tablet mg compound of this invention 400cornstarch 50 croscarmellose sodium 25 lactose 120 magnesium stearate 5Capsule Formulation

The following ingredients are mixed intimately and loaded into ahard-shell gelatin capsule.

Quantity per Ingredient capsule mg compound of this invention 200lactose spray dried 148 magnesium stearate 2Injectable Formulation

Compound of the invention (e.g., compound 1) in 2% HPMC, 1% Tween 80 inDI water, pH 2.2 with MSA, q.s. to at least 20 mg/mL.

The foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way ofillustration and example, for purposes of clarity and understanding. Itwill be obvious to one of skill in the art that changes andmodifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.Therefore, it is to be understood that the above description is intendedto be illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the inventionshould, therefore, be determined not with reference to the abovedescription, but should instead be determined with reference to thefollowing appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents towhich such claims are entitled.

All patents, patent applications and publications cited in thisapplication are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety forall purposes to the same extent as if each individual patent, patentapplication or publication were so individually denoted.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating Schizophrenia or cognitivedisorder associated with Schizophrenia in a patient which methodcomprises administering to the patient a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula(I):

wherein: n is an integer from 1 to 3; R¹ and R² are independentlyhydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein the aforementioned rings areoptionally substituted with R^(a), R^(b), or R^(c) independently alkyl,halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstitutedamino, or disubstituted amino; or R¹ and R², when attached to the samecarbon atom, can combine to form cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturatedheterocyclyl to give a spiro ring wherein the cycloalkyl or monocyclicsaturated heterocyclyl can be optionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e),or R^(f) independently alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy,hydroxy, monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino; or R¹ and R²,when attached to carbon atoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions of thepiperazine ring, can combine to form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chain wherein oneof the carbon atoms in the alkylene chain is optionally replaced by a—NR—, —O—, —S(O)n1- (wherein R is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) andfurther wherein one or two hydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can beoptionally substituted with one or two alkyl; R³, R⁴ and R⁵ areindependently hydrogen, alkyl, fluoro, or fluoroalkyl; and Ar¹ and Ar²are independently aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl whereineach of the aforementioned ring is optionally substituted with R^(g),R^(h) or R^(i) wherein R^(g) is alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino and R^(h) and R^(i) areindependently alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano,alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl,acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl,hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl,acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein thearomatic or alicyclic ring in R^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionallysubstituted with R^(j), R^(k) or R^(l) which are independently alkyl,halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino,monosubstituted amino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy,alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy,alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; provided that: thecompound of Formula (I) is not 2-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acidor 2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid; anda pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 2. The method of claim 1wherein: n is 1; R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl,alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclylwherein the aforementioned rings are optionally substituted with R^(a),R^(b), or R^(c) independently alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy,haloalkoxy, hydroxy, cyano, monosubstituted amino, or disubstitutedamino; or R¹ and R², when attached to the same carbon atom, can combineto form cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl to give a spiroring wherein the cycloalkyl or monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl can beoptionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e), or R^(f) independently alkyl,alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl, fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy, monosubstitutedamino, or disubstituted amino; or R¹ and R², when attached to carbonatoms 2 and 5 or 3 and 6 positions of the piperazine ring, can combineto form —C₁-C₃— alkylene chain wherein one of the carbon atoms in thealkylene chain is optionally replaced by a —NR—, —O—, —S(O)n1- (whereinR is hydrogen or alkyl and n1 is 0-2) and further wherein one or twohydrogen atoms in the alkylene chain can be optionally substituted withone or two alkyl; and Ar¹ and Ar² are independently aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein each of the aforementioned ring isoptionally substituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) wherein R^(g) isalkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino,monosubstituted amino, disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy,alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy,alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylaminoand R^(h) and R^(i) are independently alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino,disubstituted amino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl,hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy,aminoalkoxy, aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, acylamino, aryl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl, or heterocyclyl wherein the aromatic or alicyclic ring inR^(g), R^(h) and R^(i) is optionally substituted with R^(j), R^(k) orR^(l) which are independently alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, cyano, alkoxy, amino, monosubstituted amino, disubstitutedamino, sulfonyl, acyl, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, hydroxyalkyl,alkoxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, aminoalkoxy,aminosulfonyl, aminocarbonyl, or acylamino provided that: the compoundof Formula (I) is not 2-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid or2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid.
 3. Themethod of claim 1 wherein R¹ and R² are hydrogen.
 4. The method of claim1 wherein R¹ is hydrogen and R² is alkyl.
 5. The method of claim 1wherein R¹ and R² are attached to the same carbon atom and are combinedto form cycloalkyl optionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e) or R^(f)which is independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl,fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy, monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino. 6.The method of claim 1 wherein R¹ and R² are attached to the same carbonatom and are combined to form monocyclic saturated heterocyclyl whichare optionally substituted with R^(d), R^(e) or R^(f) which isindependently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, fluoroalkyl,fluoroalkoxy, hydroxy, monosubstituted amino, or disubstituted amino. 7.The method of claim 1 wherein R¹ and R² are attached to carbon atoms 2and 5 or 3 and 6 positions of the piperazine ring, and are combined toform —C₁-C₂-alkylene chain wherein one or two hydrogen atoms in thealkylene chain can be optionally substituted with one or two alkyl. 8.The method of claim 1 wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen and Ar¹and Ar² are phenyl, each optionally substituted with R^(g), R^(h) orR^(i).
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are hydrogen,R² is alkyl, and Ar¹ and Ar² are phenyl, each optionally substitutedwith R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i).
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein R¹, R²,R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, Ar¹ is phenyl optionally substituted withR^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) and Ar² is cycloalkyl.
 11. The method of claim 1wherein R¹, R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are hydrogen, R² is alkyl, Ar¹ is phenyloptionally substituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i) and Ar² is cycloalkyl.12. The method of claim 1 wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen,Ar¹ is phenyl and Ar² is heteroaryl, each ring optionally substitutedwith R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i).
 13. The method of claim 1 wherein R¹, R³,R⁴, and R⁵ are hydrogen, R² is alkyl, Ar¹ is phenyl and Ar² isheteroaryl, each ring optionally substituted with R^(g), R^(h) or R^(i).14. The method of claim 1 wherein R¹, R³, R⁴ and R⁵ are hydrogen, R² ishydrogen or methyl and Ar¹ and Ar² are independently phenyl, each ringoptionally substituted with R^(g) or R^(h) wherein R^(g) and R^(h) areindependently methyl, fluoro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy or2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.
 15. The method of claim 1 wherein the compoundhas the structure:

where: R¹ and R² are independently hydrogen or alkyl; and Ar¹ and Ar²are independently phenyl, each ring optionally substituted with R^(g) orR^(h) wherein R^(g) and R^(h) are independently alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, or alkoxycarbonyl.
 16. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the compound has the structure:

R^(g) is alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy and is attached to the3-position of the phenyl ring and the stereochemistry at *C is (R). 17.The method of claim 1 wherein the compound has the structure:

wherein R^(g) and R^(h) are independently absent, alkyl, halo,haloalkyl, or haloalkoxy and the stereochemistry at *C is (R).
 18. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the compound is selected from a groupconsisting of:(R)-2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; 2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; 2-(4-((3,5-dichlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;(S)-2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; 2-(4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-(4-benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-(4-(phenyl(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; 2-(4-((2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-(4-((3-biphenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;(S)-2-(4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;(R)-2-(4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;(S)-2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;(R)-2-(4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; (R)-2-(4-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-((R)-4-((R)-(3-iodophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((R)-(3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((S)-(3-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-(biphenyl-3-yl-phenyl-methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-(biphenyl-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)-piperazin-1-yl)-aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((4-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((4-cyanophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((3-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;[(R)-4-((R)-biphenyl-3-yl-phenyl-methyl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((3-(methylthio)phenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((S)-(2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((R)-(2-bromophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; 2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(m-tolyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((R)-(3-isopropylphenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((4-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((3-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-(3-(methylthio)phenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((S)-(2-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((R)-(2-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-phenyl(3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;[(R)-4-((R)-biphenyl-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-aceticacid;{(R)-2-methyl-4-[(R)-(2′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-aceticacid;{(R)-2-methyl-4-[(R)-(3′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-aceticacid;{(R)-2-methyl-4-[(R)-(4′-methyl-biphenyl-4-yl)-phenyl-methyl]-piperazin-1-yl]-aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((S)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((R)-(2,4-difluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((S)-(4-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((R)-(4-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((S)-(3-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((R)-(3-fluorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; (S)-2-(4-benzhydryl-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-((S)-2-methyl-4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; (S)-2-(4-benzhydryl-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;(R)-2-(4-benzhydryl-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-((2,5-trans)-4-benzhydryl-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-((2,5-cis)-4-benzhydryl-2,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-((R)-3-methyl-4-(phenyl(4-diphenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;(R)-2-(4-(bis(3-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;(R)-2-(4-(bis(3-fluorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)acetic acid;2-(4-((3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-(4-((4-fluorophenyl)(3-(diphenyl)methyl))-(R)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid (R)-2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-((3-bromophenyl)(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; (R)-2-(4-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; (R)-2-(4-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;(R)-2-(4-(bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; 2-(4-(bis(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-(thiophen-2-yl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-thiophen-2-yl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((S)-thiophen-2-yl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;2-((R)-4-(cyclopropyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; (R)-2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid;(S)-2-((R)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoicacid;(S)-2-((R)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoicacid;(R)-2-((R)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propanoicacid;2-((2R,6S)-4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2,6-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; 2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2,2-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; 2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanoic acid;(R)-2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; 2-(4-(bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetic acid; and2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-1,4-diazepan-1-yl)-aceticacid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 19. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the compound is(R)-2-(4-(phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 20. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the compound is2-((R)-4-(cyclopropyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 21. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the compound is2-((R)-2-methyl-4-((R)-phenyl(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)aceticacid; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 22. The method ofclaim 1 wherein the compound of formula (I) is administered incombination with an agent which is sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics,antipsychotics, antianxiety agents, cyclopyrrolones, imidazopyridines,pyrazolopyrimidines, minor tranquilizers, melatonin agonists andantagonists, melatonergic agents, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, 5HT-2antagonists, or PDE10 antagonists.
 23. The method of claim 22 whereinsaid agent is adinazolam, allobarbital, alonimid, alprazolam,amisulpride, amitriptyline, amobarbital, amoxapine, aripiprazole,bentazepam, benzoctamine, brotizolam, bupropion, busprione,butabarbital, butalbital, capuride, carbocloral, chloral betaine,chloral hydrate, clomipramine, clonazepam, cloperidone, clorazepate,chlordiazepoxide, clorethate, chlorpromazine, clozapine, cyprazepam,desipramine, dexclamol, diazepam, dichloralphenazone, divalproex,diphenhydramine, doxepin, estazolam, ethchlorvynol, etomidate, fenobam,flunitrazepam, flupentixol, fluphenazine, flurazepam, fluvoxamine,fluoxetine, fosazepam, glutethimide, halazepam, haloperidol,hydroxyzine, imipramine, lithium, lorazopam, lormetazepam, maprotiline,mecloqualone, melatonin, mephobarbital, meprobamate, methaqualone,midaflur, midazolam, nefazodone, nisobamate, nitrazopam, nortriptyline,olanzapine, oxazepam, paraldehyde, paroxetine, pentobarbital, perlapine,perphenazine, phenelzine, phenobarbital, prazepam, promethazine,propofol, protriptyline, quazepam, quetiapine, reclazepam, risperidone,roletamide, secobarbital, sertraline, suproclone, temazopam,thioridazine, thiothixene, tracazolate, kanylcypromaine, trazodone,triazolam, trepipam, tricetamide, triclofos, trifluoperazine,trimetozine, trimipramine, uldazepam, venlafaxine, zaleplon,ziprasidone, zolazepam, zolpidem, or combinations thereof.
 24. Themethod of claim 1 wherein the compound of formula (I) is administered incombination with an agent which is an anti-depressant or anti-anxietyagent, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidaseinhibitors, reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase, serotonin andnoradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, corticotropin releasing factorantagonists, adrenoreceptor antagonists, neurokinin-1 receptorantagonists, atypical anti-depressants, benzodiazopines, 5-HTA agonists,5-HTA antagonists, or corticotropin releasing factor antagonists. 25.The method of claim 24 wherein said agent is amitriptyline,clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine, amoxapine, desipramine,maprotiline, nortriptyline, protriptyline, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine,paroxetine, sertraline, isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine,selegiline, moclobemide, venlafaxine, duloxetine, aprepitant, bupropion,lithium, nefazodone, trazodone, viloxazine, alprazolam,chlordiazepoxide, clonazopam, chlorazepate, diazopam, halazepam,lorazepam, oxazopam, prazepam, buspirone, flesinoxan, gepirone,ipsapirone, or combinations thereof.